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The Couture Academy Training Manual Kaeso Facial

Executive Summary

Welcome to the Couture Academy’s Kaeso Facial online course, congratulations on taking the first step towards your new career. Within these training materials you should find everything you need to help you produce professional Kaeso Facial results. Below are some key points to note before you commence the course:

After working through your training guide, you will need to provide three case studies to your Couture Academy trainer Kerry.
Please send your three case studies, including pictures, to be assessed to Coutureacademytraining@gmail.com.
For any equipment required for this Couture Academy online course, this can be purchased at salon direct (salonsdirect.com) and the discount code “COUTURE ACADEMY”can be used at check out to receive 20% off your next order.

Aims & Objectives

The aim of this manual is to teach all the required theory related to Kaeso Facial treatments. This training manual aims to provide a comprehensive guide to the treatment including giving a brief overview of the physiology related to the treatment and the theory behind the treatment process. Via this training manual and the online sessions, you will be taught the theory and practical element of the course. The objective of this Kaeso Facial treatment online course is that upon completion of the course you will be able to perform a professional treatment both in a safe and hygienic manner and in a commercially acceptable time. In addition to providing the knowledge to enable performance of the treatment, a further objective of this online course is to provide you with a guide to carrying out customer consultations and provide you with knowledge of the treatment background, benefits, contra-indications, contra-actions, equipment and products needed.

Course Details

During this online course you will learn how to:

Prepare the treatment area;
Prepare the client for treatment;
Carry out a client consultation;
Carry out the treatment to a standard that meets client’s requirements; and,
Provide after care advice.

You will also study:

Related hygiene, health and safety;
Related anatomy and physiology;
Treatment procedures.
Contra-indications; and,
Contra-actions.

You will study theory and practical elements required to perform a professional treatment.

Student & Therapist Considerations

The following information is intended for guidance purposes only to introduce students & therapists to the principles of hygiene, health and safety and to acknowledge regulations that must be complied with and encourage students & therapists to think about their own working environment and working practices.

Professional Ethics & Standards of Practice

For some students this is the beginning of your journey as a professional therapist. It is important to learn any treatment correctly but more importantly strive to become a great therapist. A Therapist should:

maintain the highest standard of professional conduct, conduct herself/himself in a professional, honest and ethical manner. Dress appropriately with hair tied back, always wash hands before and after treatments – avoid soap with a strong scent.
ensure clients comfort, safety, privacy and confidentiality at all times.
keep all records of treatments complete and up to date. Discuss and record any health problems, contra-indications or symptoms.
full professional treatment with aftercare advice.
the treatment room should be welcoming and relaxing, putting your clients at ease. The room should be warm enough for the client and well ventilated.

The practice of good ethics is essential to the reputation of the field of beauty therapists and the welfare of the clients and practitioners of the therapies. The following is a statement of standards and ethics for therapists, including standards of ethical and proper behaviour. A Therapist will:

take a full medical history on the client's first visit.
use this information to decide whether treatment is suitable for the client.
explain the treatment to the client.
on the client's next visit, discuss and record any changes that they may have noticed in their symptoms.
refer the client to their GP if necessary.
a Therapist should:
be comfortable touching people.
be a good communicator, able to explain treatments to clients and ask appropriate questions.
have good listening skills.
be able to make clients feel relaxed and comfortable.
have empathy with clients.
be able to respect professional boundaries.
know when to advise clients to seek conventional medical advice.
respect confidentiality.
If the client is under 18, you should always obtain written permission from their parent or guardian for the treatment to go ahead and they should accompany the minor to the salon for the appointment. It is also recommended that you check your insurance policy wording to see if there are any age restrictions detailed in it.
Salons should insist that appointments for under-16s are booked out of school hours.

The above information is intended for guidance purposes only to introduce students & therapists to the principles of H&S and encourage them to think about their own working environment and working practices.

Hygiene, Health & Safety

Maintaining a high standard of hygiene as a therapist is essential. Not only from a health and safety perspective, but also from a brand image perspective as clients will not return if the salon, treatment area, or equipment are not clean. It is vital therefore to ensure that we provide a safe environment for clients.

Salon/Treatment Area Hygiene

The following actions are examples of the processes which could be implemented to ensure a hygienic treatment environment:

Clean the salon thoroughly daily
Clean the treatment area before and after every client
Use clean fresh towels for each client (dirty linen must be laundered at a minimum of 60°)
Creams, lotions and sprays should be dispensed from purpose-specific pump or spray bottles where possible, otherwise use a clean disposable spatula to remove products from bottles/jars.
Replace all lids after removing products from the bottles/jars.
Sterilise all tools
Empty bins and dispose of contents accordingly
Check all plugs and wires on electrical equipment and make sure they conform to British Standards.
Make sure all fire exits are clear and accessible
Protect clients clothing by using towels.
Store products safely and in accordance with safety data sheets

There is a legal requirement to provide a safe environment for staff and clients who may be using your premises. Carrying out a risk assessment will identify any hazards, which is a situation that poses a level of threat or potential harm. If there is a hazard it is important to put controls in place to minimise the risk. Sensible measures need to be auctioned to reduce the hazard to provide a safe working practice. It is important that risks are minimised and that all staff are trained in the event of an accident. There are some potential salon/treatment area hazards that will require a risk assessment, such as the salon/treatment area space, any chemicals being used, any equipment used and the security of clients and money.

Sterilising Equipment

Micro-organisms that may cause disease must be controlled through cleaning, sanitation, sterilisation or disinfection. Sanitation Reduces the number of pathogen bacteria. The lowest form of decontamination and is safe to use on the skin. This process removes dust, dirt and organic matter along with a large proportion of micro-organisms from an object. Sanitation is essential before sterilisation or disinfection, the process is carried out by applying sanitising sprays, soaps or gels directly onto the skin, equipment or instruments. Sterilisation Kills all living organisms. Below are some ways to sterilise the required treatment equipment:

UV light - an enclosed steel cabinet that emits UV light when closed to kill off any bacteria
Autoclave - works by heating water under pressure to 100° which kills all germs.
Barbicide - liquid used to soak instruments; ammonia can be used as the liquid within the Barbicide.
Disinfection - This greatly reduces pathogenic bacteria on work surfaces, this method is not suitable for skin, hair or nails. Disinfection is used on floors, work surfaces, workstations, walls, bowls.

As well as ensuring the treatment area/salon and the equipment are up to the required level of hygiene there are a number of regulations anyone providing treatments must be aware of and must ensure they comply with.

Applicable Regulations Health and Safety at Work Act 1974

The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 places a duty on employers and the self-employed to protect the health and safety of themselves and others they employ, this also includes our clients. A hazard is anything that can cause harm, for reference the following are key areas of hazards therapist need to be aware of:

RIDDOR (Reporting of Injuries Diseases & Dangerous Occurrences Regulations) 1995
Moving and handing of heavy loads or objects
First aid training
Ensure PPE (Personal Protective Clothing) is available and utilised where necessary using hazardous substances, materials or chemicals, especially those which can affect the skin.
For further information check out hse.gov.uk

Health and Safety Mgmt. of Health and Safety at Work Regulations(1999)

Employers should make formal arrangements for maintaining and improving safe working conditions and practices.This includes competency training and risk assessments.

Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (1995)

Employers should report any such cases to the HSE Incident Contact Centre. This includes loss of sight, amputation,fracture and electric shock. In all cases where a personal injury of any type occurs, it should be recorded in an accident book.

Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations (1981)

Whatever the size of your business, you should always make sure you have a First Aid kit on site, as well as an eyewash bottle. You should ensure this is fully stocked at all times. You should have at least one ‘Appointed Person’ on hand to take charge in an emergency who holds an HSE approved basic first aid qualification. You can contact the HSE on 0845 345 0055 for a list of suitable training providers.

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH)

COSHH stands for the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health and includes many chemicals, fumes, dust and biological agents. Under the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations there is a requirement for employers to control the exposure to these substances in order to prevent ill health in employees and others who may be exposed. The effects of exposure to these substances can range from minor skin irritations to eye injuries, lung diseases, cancers and even death. A failure to control exposure can lead to employers facing enforcement action, loss of business and civil claims. COSHH Assessments The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations specify what substances must be controlled. Suppliers of these substances must provide a safety data sheet for the substance which specifies the hazards and suggested precautionary measures. These should be referred to when carrying out an assessment under these regulations. There are several steps that must be taken when carrying out an assessment under these regulations.

Step 1 - Assess the risks: Identify the hazardous substances and the risks that they present. Consider how the chemical is used and by whom. This will allow you to determine how people could be exposed to harm (e.g. inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact).
Step 2 - Decide what precautions are needed: Precautions should be considered in the following order and the highest possible on the list adopted.
- Substituting the substance with a less harmful one;
- Change the process (e.g. eliminate the release of fumes);
- Use a safer form of the substance (e.g. pellets not powder)
- Enclose the process
- Provide specific or general ventilation
- Provide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as a last resort (e.g. gloves, masks, goggles)
Step 3 - Prevent or control exposure: It may be necessary to measure the concentration of substances in the air from time to time to ensure that employees are not exposed to unacceptable levels of hazardous substances.
Step 4 - Ensure that controls are used and maintained: Measuring the concentration of substances in the air may also show whether the control measures are working properly.
Step 5 - Monitor employee exposure: It may be necessary to monitor individual employee’s exposure to certain substances.
Step 6 - Carry out Health Surveillance: This is required where employees are working with certain substances and full details are provided in the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations.
Step 7 - Inform and train employees: You must ensure that employees understand the risks associated with the substances used, use the control measures and report any concerns or faults.

Examples of some COSHH symbols to inform the user of the potential hazards Spray Tan - Couture Academy

The Fire Precautions Act 1997

The Fire Precautions Act 1997 requires all premises to undertake a fire risk assessment and that all staff must be trained in fire and emergency evacuation procedure and the premises must have adequate fire escapes. If five or more people work together as employees, the fire risk assessment must be in writing, and must also take into account all other persons on the premises, i.e. clients and visitors to the salon. In the period of one year there must be at least one fire drill that involves everyone. All staff must be fully informed and trained in fire and emergency evacuation procedure. All firefighting equipment should be regularly checked to ensure its in good working order and that there is adequate amount available Fire exit doors should be clearly marked and should remain unlocked and must not be obstructed.

Smoke alarms must be installed and regularly tested.

All staff must be trained in fire drill procedures and this information should be displayed at the workplace.

Fire Extinguishers

Fire Extinguishers are red with a different of colour just below the neck for different types of fire:

Colour RED – Contains WATER – and is used to put out fires of Natural material – such paper, wood, cloth etc
Colour BLUE – Contains DRY POWDER – and is used to put out Electrical fires – and can also be used to put fires containing oils, alcohols, solvents, paint, flammable liquids, and gases
Colour CREAM – Contains FOAM – and is used to put out fires containing flammable liquids (not to be used on Electrical fires!)
Colour BLACK – Contains Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – and is used to put out Electrical fires (electric supply to be turned off first!) also any fires containing grease, fats, oils paint, flammable liquids (note not to be used on chip-pan or frying pan fires)

The Electricity at Work Regulations

These regulations cover the installation, maintenance and use of all electrical equipment in the workplace. The employer must ensure that the electrical equipment is maintained and checked regularly; that all employees receive training in the use of the equipment, following manufacturer’s instructions. Remember: Electricity can kill or cause severe burns. Treat it with respect! Make sure you:

understand the instructions before using any electrical equipment. If you don’t, ask;
always switch off at the mains before connecting or disconnecting any electrical appliance;
dry hands thoroughly before using electrical equipment;
check equipment looks clean and in good repair before using; and,
report any damaged electrical tools or equipment, including cables and plugs and remove from use.

The Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) at Work Regulations

These regulations require employers to provide suitable personal protective clothing and equipment (PPE) to all employees who may be exposed to any risk while working. In a salon environment PPE is supplied for use when handling chemicals. PPE is also used when carrying out wet work.Also, in the current COVID-19 environment further PPE is required at all times while providing treatments. Personal Protective Equipment is used to protect your clothes and skin from damage, or harm. Outline of the employer’s responsibilities for PPE It is the employer’s responsibility to:

supply personal protective equipment for employees;
maintain and replenish PPE when required;
train staff in the correct use of PPE and when to use;
identify risks with recommendations of when to use PPE; and,
Outline of the employee’s responsibilities for PPE.

It is the employee’s responsibility to:

report any damage or loss of PPE;
wear PPE as required in the salon and in accordance to instructions provided;
examine PPE before wearing; and,
clean and store after use as required by the salon.

The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992

These regulations require the employer to carry out a risk assessment on all employees for manual lifting. All at work must minimise the risks from lifting and handling objects, for example when dealing with heavy or awkward shaped deliveries of stock. All at work must ensure that lifting of any delivery loads must be handled in the correct way. If the load is heavy, ask someone to help or split the box if you can. Steps to take when lifting a box

Place your feet slightly apart (in line with your shoulders) with the leading leg forward.
Bend your knees, keeping your back straight when picking up the box.
Using both hands get a firm grip of the box from underneath.
Lift the box up and hold close to your body (don’t twist the body).

Remember: Back problems can cause a lot of pain and can last a lifetime. Staff should not try to lift/move, anything, which is too heavy or too bulky to manage safely.

Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations (1992)

This covers the use of display screens and computer screens. This specifies the acceptable levels of radiation emissions from the screen, as well as identifying the correct posture and the number of rest periods.

Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (1998)

This states the duties for any users of equipment. It identifies the requirements in selecting and maintaining suitable equipment, as well as the training and safe use of it.

Cosmetic Products (Safety) Regulations (2008)

These regulations require that cosmetics and toiletries are safe for their intended purpose and comply with labelling requirements.

The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order (2005)

All premises must have adequate means of dealing with a fire and all members of staff should know where these are. This can include fire extinguishers and blankets; however, you should only operate a fire extinguisher if you have been properly trained to do so. All equipment should be checked and maintained regularly. Fire Drill notices should be clearly displayed and Page of 3 15 should inform people of what to do in case of a fire. All staff should be trained in the location of alarms, exits and meeting points.

Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act (1982)

A special treatment licence will be required if you carry out any form of massage, electrolysis or ear piercing and tattooing as they may produce blood and body tissue fluid. Each borough council in the UK has different requirements, so you should contact them to see whether they require you to hold a licence for the treatments you offer.

Safe Disposal of Sharps EU Directive 2010/32/EU

The EU Directive is aimed at employers, requiring them to make appropriate provisions for staff in respect of the risk of sharps injuries. It is the employer’s duty to ensure the health and safety of workers. The directive reinforces the need for appropriate levels of training and equipment. A risk assessment must be carried out and where there is a risk of exposure, employers need to identify how exposure can be eliminated. Where exposure cannot be eliminated exposure should be prevented through:

providing sharps disposal equipment as close as possible to where sharps are being used
banning the practice of re-sheathing
implementing safe procedures for using and disposing of sharp medical instruments and contaminated waste
eliminating the unnecessary use of sharps

Employers should be aware of their legal duties under existing legislation and the new directive, which emphasise carrying out risk assessments on the prevention of sharps injuries. There should be a strategic level commitment to reducing sharps injuries. Health and safety law is criminal law, and companies can be subject to enforcement action if they fail to comply with the legal requirements relating to the prevention of sharps injuries. According to www.needlestickforum.net 100,000 needle-stick injuries occur each year in the UK.

Performing Rights Act

it is a legal requirement to purchase a license if any music is played in waiting or treatment rooms as this is considered to be a public performance. If you play music you will need to purchase a license from Phonographic Performance Ltd. These organisations collect the performance fees and give the money to performers and record companies. If you do not buy a license, legal action may be taken against you.

Reporting Accidents and Incidents

Should any accidents/incidents occur in relation to the treatment or in the salon/treatment area, reporting of all accidents/incidents should be recorded in an accident book, which should be kept with a first aid kit on the premises. For the average salon/treatment area a first aid box and an eye wash bottle should be sufficient, but this should be researched prior to commencement of treatment provision. Below is a list of the minimum required contents for a first aid box.

First Aid guidance;
Individually wrapped sterile dressings;
Sterile eye pads;
Sterile triangular bandages; and,
Safety pins.

It is very important to complete the accident report correctly, whether this is for a minor cut or scald, or something more serious like a person slipping on a wet floor, they could bang their head which may not seem to be a problem at the time but the person could have concussion and need medical attention. The following information should be recorded:

Full name and address of person(s) involved;
Circumstances of accident/incident;
Date & time of accident/incident; and,
Details of any contributing factors.

ACCIDENT RECORD
About the person who had the accident
Name:
Address:
Post code:
Occupation:
About you the person filling in this record If you did not have the accident write your name and address and occupation
Name:
Address:
Post code:
Occupation:
About the Accident When it happened.
Date
Time
Where it happened. State which room or place
How the Accident happened. Give the cause if you can. If the person who had the Accident suffered an injury, say what it was. Sign and date the record.
Signature		Date
For the Employer only
Complete this box if the accident is reportable under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR)
How was it reported
Date reported
Signature

Below is a template which can be used for recording any required accident record information:

Treatment Process

This section of the training manual will provide details of the theory around the following elements of the treatment process:

Treatment relevant anatomy and physiology
Treatment process
- Consultation
- Treatment relevant contra–indications/contra-actions
- Treatment steps
- After-care
Required items and supplies, storage and insurance

Treatment Relevant - Anatomy and Physiology

The Skin The skin is one of the largest organs in the body and consists of tissues which are joined together to perform specific functions. It is an epithelial tissue that can be used by therapists to assess their client’s condition, as it can show signs of stress, dehydration or poor health. Integumentary System The skin has a number of appendages including hair and nails, which together are known as the integumentary system. The nail is a modification of the stratum corneum (horny) and stratum lucidum (clear) layers of the epidermis. Nails are non-living tissue which protect the fingers and are used as tools for the manipulation of objects. Hair grows from a sac-like depression in the epidermis called a hair follicle. The primary function of hair is also protection. Functions of The Skin

The skin offers protection, temperature regulation and waste removal as well as providing a sense of touch. The sensitivity of the skin comes from the many sensory nerve endings found just under the skin which detect heat, cold, pain, pressure and touch. Heat regulation is achieved through a number of mechanisms. Sweating and vasodilation cools the skin whilst vasoconstriction warms it up. The skin also retains heat through the contraction of the erector pili muscle, causing the appearance of goose bumps. The body is protected as the skin is awaterproof layer which can also defend against physical damage, bacteria, dehydration and UV radiation.
Providing that the molecular structure is small enough, the skin is able to absorb substances such as essential oils or drugs, for example, hormones or nicotine, both used in transdermal patches, and fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K.
Sweating also helps to excrete waste products from the body. Urea, water and salt are removed via the sweat glands through the surface of the skin. Another function of the skin is to act as a warning system. The skin offers visible signs such as redness and irritation to show that it is intolerant to something, whether that be internal or external.
The skin also provides a form of storage for fat, an energy reserve. On top of this, it also produces significant amounts of vitamin D. This is created when sunlight comes in contact with the skin and produces a chemical reaction. Sebaceous glands secrete sebum, a fatty substance that helps to keep the skin supple and moisturised. Production generally reduces to varying degrees with age.The skin begins the ageing process as soon as the body stops growing. This is usually around the age of 17 in women and 19 in men.

Layers of The Skin

There are two main layers of the skin: the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the outer, thinner layer.Whilst the dermis is the inner, thicker layer. Beneath this, the subcutaneous layer attaches to underlying organs and tissues. It chiefly contains nerves, fat cells (adipocytes) blood and lymphatic vessels and has both insulatory and shock absorbing properties. The epidermis is made up of five layers of epithelial tissue and has no blood vessels. The dermis consists of areolar connective tissue supported by collagen and elastin. Throughout there are a variety of different cells, each with their own specific functions. The dermis contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, hair, hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Layers of The Epidermis The epidermis offers a waterproof, protective covering, consisting of five layers. The three outer layers, stratum corneum (horny), stratum lucidum (clear) and stratum granulosum (granular), consist of dead cells as a result of keratinisation, where the nucleus is replaced with a hard-fibrous protein called keratin. The cells in these layers are dead and scaly and are constantly being rubbed away by friction. The inner two layers, stratum spinosum (prickle-cell) and stratum germinativum (basal cell) are composed of living cells. The Stratum Corneum And Stratum Lucidum The stratum corneum is the top layer which forms a barrier. It is made up of dead, flat, keratinised cells, which are hardened cells which have lost their nucleus. These cells continually shed from the surface in a process called desquamation.The clear cell layer, or stratum lucidum, consists of dead cells which have no nucleus. These cells are transparent to allow light to penetrate to deeper layers. This can only be found in areas of friction, such as the soles of the feet and palms of the hands. The Stratum Granulosum, Statum Spinosum And Stratum Basale The stratum granulosum contains a mixture of living and dead cells as the cells are beginning to die. The cells become flatter and contain granules of keratin, starting the process of keratinisation. Living cells are contained in the stratum spinosum. These cells have moved up from the stratum basale and interlock with fine threads. It is this area of the skin where melanin is found.The deepest layer of the epidermis is the stratum basale, in which living cells are continually dividing in a process called mitosis. Functions Of The Dermis All nutrients pass to the cells in the epidermis from blood vessels in the dermis. The main functions of the dermis are to provide support, strength and elasticity. It is made up of dense connective tissue that is tough, extensible and elastic. It has a higher water content and therefore helps to provide nourishment to the skin. The dermis forms the bulk of the skin having a superficial papillary layer and a deep reticular layer. The dermis has an abundant supply of blood vessels. Arteries carry oxygenated blood to the skin via arterioles and these enter the dermis from below and branch into a network of capillaries. These networks form to provide the basal cell layer or the epidermis with food and oxygen.The capillary networks drain into small veins called venules which carry the deoxygenated blood away from the skin and remove waste products.The lymphatic vessels form a network in the dermis, allowing the removal of waste from the skin’s tissues. Lymph vessels are found around the dermal papillae, glands and hair follicles. Nerves are also widely distributed throughout the dermis. These sensory nerves send messages to the brain and are sensitive to heat, cold, pain, pressure and touch.

Skin Types

There are a variety of different skin types, which all have their own visible characteristics. The basic skin types are normal, dry, oily and combination. Skin Structure Characteristics

Normal- water and oil content is constant. Neither too oily or too dry. Pore size is small or medium. Moisture content is good. Texture is smooth and even. Colour is healthy. Elasticity is good and skin is firm. Usually free from blemishes. Often found in the young.
Dry- lacking in sebum, moisture or both. Pores are small and tight. Moisture content is poor. Texture is coarse and thin, possibly flaking, it can feel papery. Tendency towards sensitivity. Possible premature ageing, particularly around the eyes. Skin pigmentation can be uneven. Little elasticity. Milia are often found around the cheek and eye.
Oily - increased levels of sebum. Pores are enlarged. High moisture content. Texture is coarse and thick. Sallow in colour. Skin tone is good. Prone to shininess. Elasticity is good. Uneven pigmentation. Susceptible to skin disorders such as comedones, pustules, papules, or sebaceous cysts. Most common during puberty. This skin type tends to age less quickly than most.
Combination- typically oily around the chin, nose and forehead (T-zone). Rest of the face and neck is usually dry. However this skin type can be a mixture of any two or more skin types. Typically pores in the T-zone are enlarged, and small to medium in the cheek. Moisture content is high in oily areas, and poor in dry areas. Texture is coarse and thick in the T-zone and thin in dry areas. Oily skin is sallow, whilst the dry area may be sensitive, with high colour. Skin tone is good in oily areas, and poor in dry areas. Pigmentation is uneven, and there may be blemishes in the oily areas. The most common skin type.

Sensitive Skin Any skin type may also be sensitive, but it is often more associated with a dry skin type. This can be recognised by high colouring, and broken capillaries in the cheek area. The skin is usually warm and there can be some flaking. In black skin, the irritation shows as a darker patch, rather than redness. Sensitive skins will often redden with heat and alcohol, blushing and/or flushing more easily. They may also react to products, allergens and creams more readily causing breakouts.Allergic skin is irritated by external allergens. It may initially become sensitised, and this can develop into a full-blown allergic reaction when the skin is exposed to those ingredients or chemicals as and when they are applied. Dehydrated Skin Dehydrated skin has lost, or is lacking water, and is usually associated with dry or combination skin types but can affect any skin. This could be due to a change in diet, or illness, in which case the client may be taking medication. It can also be caused by low humidity or air-conditioning, or the skincare regime used. The skin has a slight orange-peel effect and some flaking. There are some signs of ageing and broken capillaries. Mature Skin

Mature skin can take on different skin characteristics, particularly in women due to the hormonal changes within the body. Sebaceous secretions reduce, meaning that it may become dry and lose elasticity. Some lines and wrinkles will appear, and skin is thinner. Its ability to help regulate body temperature lessens and a decrease in nerve endings results in less sensitivity to external stimuli. Broken capillaries will appear, muscle tone is reduced and blood circulation becomes poor. There can be some puffiness due to a decrease in excretion efficiency, and irregular pigmentation can occur. Male Skin Male skin can be quite different to female skin as it has a more acidic surface due to higher levels of sebum produced from more sebaceous glands. However, the process of shaving can sensitise and dry the skin. The ageing process appears to be slower in male skin, due to a thicker dermis and epidermis and it may feel firmer. Fitzpatrick Scale As well as these skin types, there are also differences in skin according to where in the world a person originates.The Fitzpatrick Classification Scale is a system which assesses the amount of melanin pigment in your skin. This not only provides your skin colour, but also determines how your skin will react to sun without protection (photo sensitivity). The Classification Scale begins with Caucasian, which is skin type I, through to skin type VI of Afro-Caribbean skin. The lower skin types have a lesser risk for problems such as hyper- and hypopigmentation following certain treatments. However, skin types IV and over are higher risk. An additional factor is the colour of the eyes and hair – the lighter the colour, the lower the Fitzpatrick classification.

Caucasian I and II Pink skin colour, with small amounts of melanin and so less defence against UV light. Sun damage can result in burning and premature ageing. Freckles can appear as a result of uneven melanin distribution. Can be prone to dehydration and irritation. Ageing can be quicker than in darker skin tones.
Oriental/Light Asian III Creamy tone. More melanin is present, and the skin is usually oily. Sensitive to sun, sometimes burns, tans slowly to light brown colour. Blemishes are rare. Can be prone to hyperpigmentation, and scarring can occur after blemishes. Female skin has little facial hair.
Asian IV Light to dark colour due to increased melanin. Not particularly sensitive to sun, rarely burns, tans to moderate brown. Some hyperpigmentation and scarring can take place after inflammation. Women can have superfluous facial hair.
Dark Asian V Dark colour. Deeply pigmented with melanin. Not sensitive to sun, rarely burns. Minimal signs of ageing. Larger sweat glands. Does not reveal capillaries.
African-Caribbean VI Dark skin colour, with more melanin. Black skin will become darker when exposed to UV light. Insensitive to sun, never burns, deeply pigmented. Scars can occur as the skin heals after a blemish. Hyperpigmentation can come about when exposed to UV light after inflammation.

Skin Conditions

Many skin types suffer from a variety of conditions or disorders which should be identified. Sensitive Sensitive skin can be recognised by high colouring, and broken capillaries in the cheek area. The skin is usually warm and there can be some flaking. In black skin, the irritation shows as a darker patch, rather than redness. Dehydrated Dehydrated skin has lost water and is usually associated with dry or combination skin types. This could be due to a change in diet, or illness, in which case the client may be taking medication. It can also be caused by low humidity or air-conditioning. The skin has a slight orange-peel effect and some flaking. There are some signs of ageing and broken capillaries. Mature Skin Mature skin can take on different skin characteristics, particularly in women due to the hormonal changes within the body. It can become dry and lose elasticity. Some lines and wrinkles will appear, and skin is thinner. Broken capillaries will appear, muscle tone is reduced and blood circulation becomes poor. There can be some puffiness due to a decrease in excretion efficiency, and irregular pigmentation can occur. Male Skin

Male skin can be quite different to female skin as it has a more acidic surface. The process of shaving can sensitise and dry the skin. The ageing process appears to be slower in male skin and feels firmer. Pustules and Papules Papules are a raised elevation which may be red in colour. These can go on to contain pus, at which point they become pustules. Milia Milia is sebum which is trapped in a blind duct with no surface opening and appear to be white nodules usually found around the eye. They are created when dead skin cells and sebaceous matter become trapped near the surface of the skin rather than exfoliating naturally. Broken Capillaries Broken capillaries are small red threads found under the skins surface. This occurs when the capillary walls narrow and widen too quickly, causing the muscles in the walls to tear and blood to seep out. In-growing Hair The ingrown hair occurs when the hair cannot grow above the surface of the entrance to the hair follicle as it is blocked. The hair then grows under the surface of the skin. Infection can occur and the client may have to seek advice from their GP prior to treatment, which can then be carried out once the condition has cleared completely. Clients who have very dry skin, very curly or strong hair are prone to ingrown hairs. They can be prevented by regular use of a body brush, exfoliating and moisturising products. Comedones Comedones, otherwise known as blackheads, are enlarged sebaceous glands in which sebum gathers, creating a blockage. The sebum darkens when it oxidises and then dries. Keloids Keloids are an overgrowth of scar tissue which are not painful but can be sensitive. They can form over any scar and appear as smooth growths of tissue. Pseudo Folliculitis Folliculitis is the infection of a hair follicle caused by the staphylococcus aureus bacteri. This causes acute inflammation and pus formation. Pseudo folliculitis is more commonly known as razor bumps and looks like folliculitis without the pus. Dermatosis Nigra Common in black skin, dermatosis nigra is a collection of small, dark bumps on the skin. These papules are harmless and are not infectious. Hyperpigmentation Hyperpigmentation is an excess of skin pigment. This means that areas of brown discolouration appear on the skin caused by melanocytes producing a larger amount of melanin. This is usually the result of sun or environmental damage but can also occur during pregnancy. Hypopigmentation Hypopigmentation is an area of lower melanin production which appears to be white or colourless. This is often due to continued sun exposure or irritation. It can also be congenital, meaning the person was born that way. Open Pores The pores are the holes on the surface of the skin which contain the hair follicle and sebaceous gland. These can become blocked and therefore become more visible. There are a number of environmental and lifestyle factors which affect the condition of the skin. These can include diet, pollution, smoking, sun exposure and the care you take of your skin.A lack of moisture can dehydrate the skin, whilst pollution can clog the pores and increase bacteria. Using harsh chemicals on your skin will strip it of vital oils, compromising the skins ability to retain moisture. Nicotine from smoking constricts the small blood vessels and decreases the flow of oxygen to the epidermis.

Skin Protection

Melanin is the pigment which determines the colour of the skin, eyes and hair and helps protect the skin from the effects of ultraviolet radiation. It is automatically produced in the basal cell layer by melanocytes which have long, slender protrusions on exposure to ultraviolet light. These inject melanin into the neighbouring cells of the epidermis and determine the depth of tan a person’s skin will achieve. The higher the Fitzpatrick classification, the more quickly a tan will develop to protect the underlying structures.

Environmental and Lifestyle Factors

There are a number of environmental and lifestyle factors which affect the condition of the skin. These can include lack of sleep, stress levels, general health, alcohol, exercise, diet, pollution, smoking, sun exposure and the care you take of your skin.A lack of moisture can dehydrate the skin, contributing to premature ageing, whilst pollution can clog the pores and increase bacteria. Using harsh chemicals on your skin will strip it of vital oils, compromising the skins ability to retain moisture. Nicotine from smoking constricts the small blood vessels and decreases the flow of oxygen to the epidermis.

Repair and Protect

The skin is one part of your body which is capable of repairing itself. Wounds and damage to the skin heal through white blood cells fighting off invading micro-organisms to prevent infection. A scab is formed to prevent further invasions, before the stratum basale cells divide through the process of mitosis and new skin is formed.

Sun Damage

The ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun is broken into three bands, with UVA and UVB being of greatest concern to human health. When the skin is exposed to the sun for any period of time, the molecules which make up the living cells are damaged and altered. In extreme cases DNA can be damaged by ultraviolet radiation, causing cells to die. If there is a permanent alteration to the nuclear DNA then certain types of skin cancer may ensue.

Sunburn

Sunburn is brought about when the UVB dose causes changes to take place within the skin. A few hours after exposure the burnt areas begin to feel hot, prickly and tense, with a slight pink hue to the skin, becoming increasingly uncomfortable over time. After a few days the redness and soreness die away and the peeling process, which can last up to five days, begins.Sunburn Damaged cells release chemical substances which are responsible for the widening of the small blood vessels in the skin and the redness it causes. This increased blood supply to the burnt area also allows greater tissue fluid and white cells to accumulate, causing swelling. Repeated damage by the sun will increase the signs of ageing in most skin types. UVC radiation does not affect the skin as it is absorbed by the ozone layer, however it can be found in artificial sources of ultraviolet light.

The Cellular system

Cells The human body is made up of billions of microscopic cells, which are the most basic living unit in the body. Few cells work independently, as they are designed to function collectively. All cells have varying shapes and structures, which are determined by their roles. However, they are all made up of the same component parts, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, cilia and microvilli.
Component Parts Of A Cell The nucleus controls the actions of the cells. It contains chromosomes carrying DNA which directs the cells actions. The cytoplasm refers to all of the contents of the cell except the nucleus. It contains a cytosol gel which is largely made up of water and some nutrients. This is where many of the chemical reactions take place. The cytoplasm also contains ribosomes, which produce protein, and the Golgi body is a large organelle which produces proteins and lipids. Cytoplasm also contains mitochondria, which are double membraned organelles which produce energy and are responsible for cellular respiration (chemical reactions occurring within the cell). There are also single membraned organelles called lysosomes which collect and break down the waste products of the cell.
Cell Functions Cells have a number of functions, including respiration, cellular respiration, growth, reproduction, excretion, filtration, movement, irritability, diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. The role of the cell will depend upon where in the body it is found.

Component Parts Of The Cellular System

Cell growth takes place until it reaches a state of maturity where it is able to reproduce. This is when cells divide through the process of mitosis. One parent cell divides to form two identical daughter cells. This is how the cells in the skin reproduce, so that each new cell is exactly the same as the previous one, otherwise the skin would be constantly changing.The cell excretes waste products through the cell membrane whilst the process of filtration allows the movement of fluid across the membrane due to the differences in pressure inside and outside the cell. Most cells are capable of movement either as a whole, or a single part of the cell. The cell is also subject to irritability, which allows it to respond to stimuli.Each cell has a different life span according to its type and function. In order to maintain the correct cellular level, each cell must reproduce in order to continue life. This reproduction takes place through the division of the cell, where identical daughter cells are created. There are two types of cellular division: mitosis and meiosis. During mitosis, two identical daughter cells are produced to allow for growth and repair. This division is achieved through the four phases of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. When a cell reaches maturity, it is able to divide and reproduce again, thus continuing the cycle.In meiosis, four daughter cells are produced, each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. This is the process by which a new organism is formed by the fusion of a sperm and egg, as in human reproduction, producing a unique individual person.

Tissue Types

When similar cells act together to perform a specific function they become a tissue. In this tissue, the cells are able to divide to repair any damage that occurs to the tissue.The body is made up of four basic types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous. The epithelial tissue is used for protection, absorption and filtration by providing surfaces and linings to areas of the body, particularly hollow organs, ducts and glands. The epithelial tissue (found in the skin) includes many different types of cell, all of which are packed tightly together and arranged in continuous sheets. These tissues receive all their nutrients and remove their waste through a process called diffusion as they have no blood supply of their own.

Tissue

Connective tissue supports and connects different parts of the body. It has a number of different functions including storing energy reserves and helping to provide immunity. With the exception of cartilage and tendons, connective tissue generally has a rich blood supply and nerve supply. Its cells are separated by protein fibres and fluid. Muscular tissue is paramount in the production of movement as it is capable of contracting and shortening. The fibres of the muscle tissue are made up of elongated cells that provide the facility for contraction. There are three types of muscular tissue. The skeletal muscle tissue helps to maintain posture whilst the smooth muscle tissue moves substances around the body. Cardiac muscular tissue forms the walls of the heart and is not under conscious control.

Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is the communication system of the body and is responsible for controlling and directing most of the processes of the body. It is primarily made up of neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (supporting nerve cells). Adipose tissue is made up of adipocytes, which are specialised fat storage cells. These are present within connective tissue and provide protection for nearby organs. It also helps to reduce heat loss and supply energy if a shortage occurs. It is found under the skin, supporting the organs, within yellow bone marrow and between bundles of muscle fibres.

The Muscular System

Functions of The Muscle There are almost 700 muscles in the body, which can make up almost half of your body weight.Muscles have three main functions: movement, maintaining posture and the production of heat. Each movement requires the co-ordinated action of several muscles. The muscular system is also involved in the movement of fluids such as blood, lymph and urine. Components Of The Muscle In order to stand upright, the fibres of some muscles create tension and rigidity.Heat is created by the movement generated by the muscles.Each muscle is approximately 75% water, 20% protein and 5% mineral salts, glycogen and fat. Skeletal muscles are composed of bundles of muscles fibres called fasciculi. These bundles and muscles are surrounded by connective tissue sheaths. The epimysium is the outer layer which encircles the entire muscle. Connective Muscle Tissue The perimysium surrounds collective bundles of muscles, whilst the endomysium surrounds the individual muscle fibre. This layer contains blood capillaries that supply blood containing oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products. These layers extend beyond the muscle fibres and become tendons or aponeuroses and attach the muscle to bone. Types Of Muscle The three main types of muscle are voluntary, which is mainly attached to the bone, involuntary, which is found inside the digestive and urinary tracts, as well as the walls of blood vessels, and cardiac, which is only found in the walls of the heart.

Voluntary (skeletal) muscles consist mainly of muscle fibres, each of which is enclosed in connective tissue called the endomysium. Most voluntary muscles are made up of fast-twitch fibres which react quickly but also tire easily, and slow-twitch fibres which have greater endurance. Voluntary muscles only contract if a stimulus is received from a motor nerve and are all attached to the skeleton.
Involuntary (smooth) muscles are not under the control of a conscious part of the brain and are found in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach. These muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system and therefore work below the level of consciousness. The muscle cells are spindle shaped and tapered at one end, with each cell containing a central nucleus. These muscles are controlled by neurotransmitters, hormones and some by autorhythmic cells (self-excitable).

Muscle Contraction Muscle attachments are known as origins and insertions. The end of the muscle closest to the centre of the body is the origin and is fixed, whilst the insertion is further away and moveable. Origins are shorter and broader, whilst insertions are longer and denser. On contraction the insertion generally moves toward the origin. Muscle contraction is the ability to shorten and thicken. The speed at which they do this can vary depending on the type of muscle it is. Voluntary muscles move by a stimulus from the brain. Each muscle fibre is connected to a fibre of a nerve cell which ends in a motor point where the stimulus is given, like a tiny electrical current. When an impulse is received, the motor nerve fibre secretes a substance called acetylcholine which stimulates the muscle to contract. The energy required to perform a muscle contraction comes from carbohydrates. Glucose, the smallest form of carbohydrate, is converted into glycogen which is broken down in the presence of oxygen during a contraction and energy is released enabling the muscle to move. An adequate blood supply is essential if the muscles are to carry out their movements. A lack of oxygen and nutrients will result in muscle cramp (a painful spasm) or with the face, a gradual reduction in muscle tone and elasticity, which is why facial massage is such an important aspect of any facial routine.

Position and Actions of The Facial Muscles

Frontalis Forehead - Raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead (surprise)
Corrugator - Between the eyebrows Draws the eyebrows down and together into a frown
Orbicularis oculi - A circular muscle around the eyes Closes the eye (blinking)
Risorius - A triangular muscle that extends diagonally from the masseter muscle to the corner of the mouth Draws the corners of the mouth out and up into a smile (grin)

Position and Actions of The Facial Muscles

Buccinator - Inside the cheeks. It is attached to the upper and lower jaws compresses the cheeks(blowing)
Zygomaticus (major and minor) - Extends diagonally from the zygomatic to the corners of the mouth lifts the corners of the mouth up and back into a smile
Procerus - Between the eyebrows on the bridge of the nose. Draws the eyebrows inwards and wrinkles the bridge of the nose
Nasalis - Front of the nose and around the nostrils Opens and closes the nostrils
Levator - labii superioris, around and down the cheek at the side of the nose and into the upper lip. Raises and draws back the upper lips and nostrils(snarling)
Levatorangulioris Extends from the upper jaw to the corner of the mouth Elevates the angle of the mouth (lip curl)
Depressor labii inferioris - Around Side of the chin into the lower lip Pulls down the lower lip making it jut out to one side
Depressor angulioris(Triangularis) - Extends from the lower jaw to the corner of the mouth Depresses the angle of the mouth (sadness).
Orbicularis oris - A circular muscle around the mouth Closes the mouth (kissing)
Temporalis temples - closes the jaw as in chewing
Masseter - A flattened muscle which extends from the zygomatic arch (cheek bone) to the mandible. Raises the jaw to exert pressure when chewing (biting)
Mentalis - Front of the chin Raises the lower lip and wrinkles the chin (pouting)

Position and Actions Of The Neck Muscles

Platysma - Lowers the jaw wrinkling the neck Draws the corners of the mouth down and back
Sterno-cleido-mastoid - Lies across each side of the neck. Runs from the sternum to the clavicle and temporal bone mastoid process Rotates the head side to side individually and flexes the neck bowing the head when used together
Occipitalis - The back of the head Draws the scalp backwards
Splenius capitis - A posterior muscle that extends from the spine to the temporal bone and occipital bone Extends the head and neck

Position and Actions of The Shoulder Girdle Muscles

Pectoralis major - Front of the chest Moves the arm towards the upper body - elbows to middle.
Deltoid - Covers the shoulder Takes the arm away from the body in a sideways, front ways and backward motion
Trapezius - Triangular muscle covering the back of the neck and upper back Extends the neck, raises and braces the shoulders
Levator scapula - Runs vertically through the neck. Elevates the scapula
Rhomboids - Lies between the scapulae Adducts the scapula
Infraspinatus - Attaches to the middle of the scapula Rotates the humerus outwardly
Teres major - Attaches to the bottom end of the scapula and the back of the humerus Adducts and inwardly rotates the humerus
Teres minor - Attaches to the lateral edge of the scapula Rotates the humerus outwardly

The Nervous System

The nervous system is the main communication system for the body, as it transmits messages between the brain and the body. It works with the endocrine system, which is the hormonal system dealing with the slower body processes such as puberty, pregnancy, menopause, to help regulate body processes, and interprets the information it receives.The nervous system is made up of a network of nerve cells known as neurones, which transmit messages in the form of impulses. It analyses sensory information and decides how to respond. The brain is the control centre for the nervous system, as it is a complex mass of nerve tissue. It receives stimuli through the nerves and co-ordinates the required responses.The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is divided into hemispheres, bridged by nerve fibres called corpus callosum. The area in which the main functions of the cerebrum are carried out is the cerebral cortex, which deals with conscious activity, voluntary movements, emotion and memory. The cortex of each hemisphere has a variety of functional areas including sensory areas which receive impulses from the sensory organs, motor areas which have motor connections with voluntary muscles and association areas where information from the sensory areas meets with the memory, allowing conscious decisions to be made.

The Cerebellum

The cerebellum is found at the posterior of the cranium and is also divided into hemispheres. Its job is to work on muscle tone and co-ordination and balance. One other core element is the brain stem, which contains the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. The midbrain contains the nerves connecting the cerebrum and lower nervous system, whilst the pons relays messages from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. The medulla oblongata connects the brain and the spinal cord, and carries control centres for the heart, lungs and intestines.

Sensory And Motor Nerves

A nerve transmits impulses between the brain and the body. Nerves are made up of neurones, which are long, narrow cells. They have a large central nucleus and fibres which transmit messages to other neurones. There are two types of nerve, known as the sensory and motor nerves. Sensory nerves receive information from receptors in the sense organs such as the eyes, and relay it to the brain. They are usually found near the surface of the skin, and are responsive to stimuli such as touch, temperature and pain. Motor nerves carry impulses to and are found in the muscle tissue. They respond to information from the brain sent to a muscle or gland. The typical response is muscle movement. The point where a nerve enters the muscle is known as the motor point and it is this electrical impulse which causes the fibres of the muscle to contract bringing about movement.

Component Parts Of The Nervous System

A nerve impulse is effectively a tiny electrical signal. Nerve impulses carry instructions from the central nervous system to the relevant area of the body to bring about a change in an organ or cause movement in a muscle. The activity of a neurone can be brought about by a number of different stimuli. These can include mechanical stimuli such as touch, the thermal stimuli of temperature or a chemical stimulus.

The Nervous System

The nervous system itself can be broken down into three smaller systems: the central, peripheral and autonomic systems.The central nervous system is primarily made up of the brain and spinal cord, and co-ordinates the actions of the body. Impulses are transmitted throughout the body by the brain, causing other organs to act. The brain is protected by the bones of the skull, whilst the spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae. A connective tissue made up of three layers collectively called the meninges surrounds the central nervous system, helping to protect it.

The Nervous System

Not only does the central nervous system contain neurones, it also has another type of nervous tissue known as neuroglia. Neuroglia cells are a type of connective tissue that supports and nourishes the neurones. They are smaller cells than the neurones and are found in large numbers.The peripheral nervous system contains all of the nerves which are found outside of the central nervous system and link it to the rest of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves which govern the impulses from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles. The spinal nerves pass out of the spinal cord, and link to the autonomic nervous system. They receive sensory impulses and transmit motor signals throughout the body. The cranial nerves connect directly to the brain and provide a nerve supply to some of the sensory organs as well as the muscles and the skin of the head and neck. The main cranial nerves of interest to the facial therapist are the fifth trigeminal, seventh facial and the eleventh accessory nerves. The motor function of the fifth trigeminal nerves are chewing and the sensory functions are touch, pain and temperature. The motor functions of the seventh facial nerves are facial expression, secretion of saliva and tears, the sensory function is taste. The motor function of the eleventh accessory nerves are head movement and swallowing and the sensory function is body position. The autonomic nervous system controls the activities of the smooth and cardiac muscles, as well as the glands. Primarily, its role is to maintain homeostasis within the body. The autonomic system deals with the involuntary activities of the body over which there is no conscious control. This includes regulating the functions of vital organs such as the heart, stomach and lungs, as well as the secretion processes of most glands. The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic nervous system is stimulated in times of stress or danger, known as fight or flight. It causes the heart to beat faster and so increases blood flow, preparing the body for physical activity. Any non-essential activities at this point are inhibited. The parasympathetic system is associated with resting and digesting and blood flow is slowed. This system also stimulates the processes of digestion and the absorption of food.

The Skeletal System

Flexibility And Movement

The average skeleton contains 206 bones, each one attached and held together connected by the connective tissue of a ligament, which supports and links different parts of the body. The skeletal system provides a strong framework for the body, whilst the joints hold the bones together and offer flexibility and movement. Bones are required by the human body for structure and movement and provide sites of attachment for the muscles which pull on the bones to generate movement when they contract.

Physical Structure

The skeleton needs to be strong, as it bears the weight of all the other tissues of the body. By supporting the weight of the body, it enables us to stand. There are two types of bone, compact and cancellous, which help to give shape to our body, and protect vital organs and tissues. As well as providing a physical structure for the body, the bones develop platelets, which are blood clotting cells, and red and white blood cells in the bone marrow of the cancellous bone tissue, and store important minerals such as calcium and phosphorous. Depending on the levels of calcium in the blood, the bones release or absorb it to maintain stable levels. This process is known as mineral homeostasis and it is controlled by the hormones.When fully developed, the bone consists of water, calcium salts and organic matter. The tissue of the bone is made from cells called osteoblasts. There are two main types of bone tissue, both of which are found in every bone. Compact bone tissue is the hard section of the bone that forms the main shaft of long bones. It is known as dense bone and provides the firm framework for the body. The osteocytes, which are mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts, are living bone cells that are located in rings around a central haversian canal. It is through here that nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels pass to nourish the bone and take away waste. The spongy bone tissue is called cancellous bone, which is lighter, with an open air-bubble type appearance. It is found at the ends of long bones, and the centre of other bones. It is made up of a web of thin processes of bone, with the spaces filled by red bone marrow. The blood vessels run through every layer of cancellous bone, transporting nutrients and oxygen. Each bone is made up of two types of marrow: red and yellow. The red marrow creates red blood cells, whilst the yellow marrow is found in central cavities of long bones. The yellow marrow is a store for fat. One of the connective tissues is called cartilage. It consists of collagen and elastin fibres and is a flexible and durable tissue. It cushions and absorbs shock and throughout the body there are three types: hyaline, fibrous and elastic. The hyaline cartilage covers the articular bones surfaces, fibrous cartilage is strong and rigid and found between the spinal discs, and elastic cartilage is flexible and found in the auditory canal and pinna of the ear. Ligaments are a white fibrous connective tissue that links bones together at the joint. It is dense and inelastic but is flexible enough to allow the joint to move freely within a safe range. Tendons attach muscles to the periosteum of a bone. They enable bones to move when skeletal muscles contract and are tough fibrous cords of tissue. Long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid are all classifications of bone. Long bones are the bones of the limbs, except for the wrist and ankles. They have a long shaft called the diaphysis, with ends called the epiphysis. Smooth cartilage covers the articular surfaces of the shaft endings, and a flat plate of hyaline cartilage, called the epiphyseal cartilage, grows between the diaphysis and epiphysis. As this cartilage grows, it turns into bone in order for the bone to grow in length. Short bones are cube-shaped and commonly found in the wrist or ankle. Flat bones tend to resemble plates, with broad surfaces, such as the sternum and scapulae. Irregular bones vary in shape and include the vertebrae and some facial bones. Sesamoid bones are small and rounded and are embedded in a tendon. An example of this is the patella (knee cap) which is found in the quadriceps femoris tendon.

Bone Shape	Examples	Consistency
Long Bones	Arms and legs	Mainly made up of compact bone
Short Bones	Wrists and ankles	Mainly made up of spongy cancellous bone
Flat Bones	Sternum and skull bones	Made of a layer of spongy bone, sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone
Irregular Bones	The butterfly-shaped vertebrae	Unusual shaped bones, and do not fit into other groups

The skull is divided into the face and the cranium, which in total are made up of 22 bones, 14 in the face and eight cranial bones. The facial bones form our features and support structures such as the eyes. The mandible, or jawbone, is the only moveable, largest and strongest bone in our face. It holds your lower teeth in place, and it moves to allow you to chew your food. All our facial bones are arranged in pairs, apart from the mandible and vomer. This is what makes our face symmetrical. For example, we have two zygomatic bones that form our cheekbones and the outside of our eye sockets on either side of our face. The septum is found below the nasal bones and is made from cartilage. The cranium protects the brain with thin, flat, curved bones. These are joined together by connective tissue which becomes immovable after childhood.

Bones of The Cranium

Occipital - Contains the foramen magnum, a large hole which the spinal cord, nerves and blood vessels pass through.
Parietal - Forms the top and sides of the head.
Frontal - Forms the anterior part of the roof of the skull, forehead and upper walls of the eye sockets. The frontal bones contain a sinus above each eye.
Temporal - Form the sides of the skull and part of the cheekbone. Provides two muscle attachment points: the mastoid process and the zygomatic process.
Ethmoid - Forms the nasal cavity, part of the wall of the orbit and part of the nasal septum.
Sphenoid - Joins together all of the bones of the cranium. It articulates with frontal, temporal, occipital and ethmoid bones.

Bones of The Face

Nasal - Forms the bridge of the nose.
Vomer - Forms of the dividing wall of the nose.
Palatine - Forms the floor and wall of the nose and the roof of the mouth.
Turbinate - Forms the outer walls of the nose.
Lacrimal - Forms the inner walls of the eye sockets, including a small groove for the tear ducts. These are the smallest of the facial bones and are located close to the medial part of the orbital cavity.
Malar (Zygomatic) - Forms the cheekbones.
Maxillae - Forms the upper jaw. These are the largest bones of the face.
Mandible - Holds the lower teeth and is the only moveable bone of the skull. This is the largest and heaviest bone of the skull.

The Neck, Chest & Shoulder

The bones of the neck, chest and shoulder serve multiple purposes. They must protect the vital organs enclosed within the thoracic cavity, whilst also providing movement for the head and upper limbs.

Cervical Vertebrae - Forms the top of the spinal column. The first vertebra, which supports the skull, is the atlas; the axis is the second, which allows the rotation of the head. These are the smallest vertebrae in the vertebral column and there are seven altogether.
Hyoid (officially cartilage) - Supports and is the point of attachment for the tongue.
Clavicle (collar bone) - Forms a joint with the sternum and the scapula bones (collectively known asthe shoulder girdle) allowing movement of the shoulder. This is a long slender bone with a double curve.
Scapula (shoulder blade) - Provides attachment for muscles which move the arms. It is a large flat bone, triangular in outline.
Humerus - The long bone of the upper arm. Forms a ball-and-socket joint with the scapula. It allows movement in any direction.
Sternum (breast plate) - Protects the inner organs, provides a surface for muscle attachment and supports muscle movement. It is a flat bone lying in the centre of the chest.

Cardiovascular System and The Lymphatic System

The cardiovascular system is made up of the blood and its relevant vessels and the heart. These elements form the body's main transport system for gases, blood and nutrients.One of the main elements of the cardiovascular system is the blood, which is a type of fluid connective tissue. The blood contains a variety of materials which are then transported around the body.

Transportation And Protection

One of the main roles of the blood is transportation, as it moves oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, enzymes, heat, waste products and hormones to or from cells throughout the body. The blood also assists in the regulation of both temperature and the pH (potential hydrogen) alkalinity/acidity levels of the body. The blood also protects the body through white blood cells, known as leucocytes. These engulf micro-organisms which invade the body carrying disease or infection. Clotting is another form of protection offered by the blood. When blood vessels are damaged, thrombocytes, a type of blood cell, form a clot around the area. These help to prevent the entry of bacteria, and stop the body losing blood.

Components Of Blood

The blood itself is made up of 45% solids such as thromobocytes, red (erythrocytes) and white cells, as well as plasma. This plasma is made up predominantly of water and comprises around 55% of the blood. It contains a number of other substances including proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, waste, hormones and gases. The remaining blood content consists of large numbers of red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes. These are produced in the bone marrow of long bones and carry oxygen and carbon dioxide using haemoglobin. Being bi-concave discs, the red blood cells have a large surface area to maximise their gas carrying capacity. They have no nucleus which allows them to squeeze through tiny capillaries but means that they only have a life span of approximately 120 days. Blood also contains several different types of white blood cells which are in place to protect the body from invading microbes and provide immunity. They use a process called phagocytosis to fight infection and disease or produce anti-bodies to fight invading antigens (germs). Thrombocytes, otherwise known as platelets, are also contained within the blood, and are like small fragments of red blood cells. They are formed in the bone marrow and begin the chemical reaction which forms a clot. These platelets gather at the site of an injury to a blood vessel and plug the opening. They form a mesh over the wound which then creates an insoluble clot.

Arteries

Arteries are large triple-walled vessels with a hollow centre (lumen) through which blood flows. The artery walls consist of an outer layer of fibrous tissue called the tunica adventitia, a middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue called tunica media and an inner layer of squamous epithelium known as the tunica intima. They carry blood away from the heart to provide tissues and organs with oxygen and nutrients. Elastic arteries such as the aorta have thin walls, and their tunica media has more elastic fibres than muscle fibres, so that they can stretch and recoil as the blood flows from the heart to smaller arteries known as arterioles and finally to capillaries.

Muscular Arteries

Another type of artery is the muscular artery; the brachial artery is an example of a muscular artery. Muscular arteries are medium sized and their tunica media has more smooth muscle fibres making the walls thick and capable of greater vasodilation and vasoconstriction (expansion and contraction).

Capillaries

These are the smallest of the blood vessels and the only ones to have semi-permeable walls (gaps in them). It is here where oxygen and nutrients can pass into the tissues surrounding them in exchange for carbon dioxide and waste. The distribution of this capillary network depends upon the needs of the tissues and organs being supplied. The skin has an abundant supply of capillaries which help in controlling body temperature and maintaining a healthy skin. However, they can be easily damaged, causing thread veins to appear on the surface of the skin. Capillaries unite to form venules which are small veins and transport blood now high in carbon dioxide and waste back to the heart and organs of excretion.

Veins

Veins are similar in structure to arteries but have thinner walls due to the tunica media having less muscle and elastic tissue. The lumen is larger than that of an artery and many have valves for example, in the limbs, to prevent the back flow of blood. Veins carry blood toward the heart. The skin and muscular condition of the face can be vastly improved with regular facials. The increased blood and lymphatic supply stimulated by massage, feeds and nourishes the tissues and takes away waste more readily, helping it is thought, to produce a more toned, less congested, clearer, brighter complexion. The lymphatic system acts as a drainage system for the tissues of the body. It works in tandem with the circulatory system and provides a means of transporting tissue fluids such as lymph from the tissue spaces into the venous system.At this point it becomes part of the circulation of the blood. Lymphatic capillary vessels are more permeable than their blood counterparts and deal with waste particles which would be otherwise too big to enter the tiny capillaries, helping to prevent fluid retention or oedema.The lymphatic system also plays a significant role in protecting the body and providing immunity from disease and infection, by attacking invading micro-organisms and then releasing chemicals and antibodies to fight invading infections. Several types of white blood cell are made, each with a different method of fighting bacteria. The lymphatic system also plays a role in the transportation of digested fat as well as draining away excess lactic acid formed from general fatigue when muscles are over exercised.Lymph itself is a watery straw-coloured liquid which is contained within the lymphatic vessels. Its composition is similar to that of blood plasma; however, lymph has a much lower concentration of plasma proteins, no red blood cells and a lot more waste. The only cells contained within lymph are lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell. They are formed in the lymph nodes, thymus, lymphoid tissue sites found throughout the body, for example, the tonsils and spleen. These lymphocytes are responsible for fighting infections. Lymph is also used to transport substances around the body such as fat molecules and put them back into the blood stream.

Treatment Process Overview

You should also find out what the client’s expectations are for the treatment. Do they have a problem they are looking to address, or are they simply looking for some pampering or relaxation? It may be for a special occasion or as part of an ongoing maintenance regime. This information will help you to tailor the treatment accordingly. You will then be able to explain the treatment thoroughly, so that the client does not get any surprises. It will also help them to understand what benefits they will get. The client will then have the opportunity to ask any questions that they may still have. A facial treatment should involve a range of skincare products. As a trained beauty therapist, you are in the best position to assess what products are suitable for each client and what benefits they are likely to have. Professional skincare products have been specifically designed to treat certain skin types and will be of great benefit to the client’s skin. They will treat any particular problems the client has, and leave them with balanced, well cared for skin. Skincare Products - At the Couture Academy we recommend using the Kaeso Collection of products, this is a luxurious range of high-quality professional beauty products. Encompassing innovation and variety, the Kaeso product range compliments the vast array of beauty treatments offered in today’s salons.From the extensive Skincare Collection to the unique Manicure and Pedicure ranges, Kaeso offers a fulfilling experience for both clients and therapists alike and truly delivers a considerate salon offering.The Kaeso Collections ethos is to embody naturally derived ingredients with essential treatment formulas to deliver effective and luxurious professional products. The Collection takes inspiration from today’s beauty conscious market, with considerations for the ethical expectations of beauty’s evolving journey. For greater peace of mind, we have fused our concern with quality and with this Kaeso’s Beauty Innocence criteria were born.Each Kaeso product has been carefully developed to offer quality and excellence whilst being free from Parabens, Sulphates, Propylene Glycol and Mineral Oil and is proudly stamped with the Kaeso leaf of approval.

Kaeso Beauty Collection

Kaeso Product Range

The facial products within the Kaeso Beauty Range have been formulated to compliment all skin types, offering you the required facial products to satisfy client needs. Each specific product has been formulated to include unique ingredients to nurture and compliment the skin type and client complexion.

Hydrating - The perfect range to nourish and hydrate, those normal to dry skins.
Calming - A gentle range specially formulated to calm and soothe a sensitive skin.
Rebalancing - A specially designed range to balance those oily to combination skins. While moisturise those dryer areas and purifying those problematic parts.
Massage - A superior blend formulated to restore moisture levels and hydrate skin.
Masks - A deluxe range of masks, formulated to specialise any facial routine.
Eye - A light yet gentle range formulated to nourish and moisturise the delicate eye area, along with revitalising those tired eyes.
Additions - A selection of specially developed products to give that facial that extra touch of luxury.

The Hydrating Collection

NOURISHING RANGE FOR NORMAL TO DRY SKIN - The Hydrating range will rehydrate and nourish a dry, dehydrated and mature skin. Whilst keeping a normal skin soft and subtle. Suitable for use on the following skin types;

NORMAL SKIN

Appearance: The ideal skin type. This is rare, although common in children. It is soft, moist, plump and dewy with a healthy glow. There are no visible characteristics to indicate any particular skin type. It has a fine texture with no wrinkles or fine lines. Causes: 5.5pH which provides good protection against bacteria. Balanced diet. Damaging Factors: The ageing process. Insufficient water and poor diet. Improper skin care. Climate, environment. Recommend: The Kaeso Hydrating Range and removal of dead skin cells and regular cleansing.

DRY SKIN

Appearance: The skin may appear delicate and thin. There is a possibility of broken capillaries or redness around the cheek area. Texture may feel slightly rough and the skin appears dull due to lack of sebum. Pores are small, almost invisible. The skin wrinkles easily. Causes: Lack of oil (sebum) to prevent moisture evaporation. Can be hereditary. Hormonal imbalances. Improper skin care. The ageing process. Medication. Damaging Factors: Climate: sun, wind, heat, etc. Improper skin care. Lack of protection. Contraceptive pill. Recommend: The Kaeso Hydrating Range. Good nourishment of the skin. Stimulation of oil gland function. Salon treatments.

MATURE SKIN

Appearance: Effects of pollution, UV and stress on the condition of the skin make it difficult to determine premature ageing from true ageing. The skin may appear thickened with a tendency to result in characteristics previously mentioned with regards to dry skin. But it will also lose its suppleness and may appear to sag in areas as the muscle tone weakens. The neck and eye area may appear lined and wrinkled. Pigmentation is also evident. Causes: Time, over exposure to the sun, lack of proper care whilst young, health problems. Hormonal imbalances, poor diet and lifestyle. Damaging Factors: Sunlight, improper skin care and improper nutrition. Recommend: The Kaeso Hydrating product range and salon treatments to incorporate stimulating massage and skin hydration. Use an anti-ageing cream. Use sun block moisturisers throughout the day. Apply a night cream.

DEHYDRATED SKIN

Appearance: It is not a skin type on its own but can accompany any skin type. It is parched, flaky, feels tight when stretched and crinkles easily. Causes: Lack of moisture, lack of enough sebum to prevent moisture evaporation. Damaging Factors: Too much sun and wind, a high intake of caffeine drinks - tea, coffee, coke or diuretics. Use of soaps and water and incorrect use of skin care products. Recommend: A mixture of the Kaeso Hydrating Range or possibly the Kaeso Calming Range. Drink plenty of water.

Collection Key Ingredients & Benefits

Balm Mint - with anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties it is effective for calming and soothing the skin. Its antioxidant properties help to fight free radicals.
Cotton - is rich in Omega Fatty Acid which is crucial to healthy skin. It can help increase epidermal moisture which smooths the skins surface and its hydrating properties help to enhance the elasticity of the skin.
Aloe Vera - helps to increase the availability of oxygen to the skin thereby aiding the strength of the skins tissue. It soothes and nourishes the skin with nutrients such as E and C aiding the regeneration of healthy skin cells.

Products

Hydrating Cleanser: Effectively removes everyday grime and make-up. Benefiting from extracts of Cotton and Aloe Vera to moisturise, the formula will cleanse without drying the skin and leave it feeling soft & hydrated. 195ml / 495ml Hydrating Toner: Helps to revive and condition the skin and balances the ph levels of skin after cleansing. Cotton extract hydrates while Balm Mint and Acerola provide antioxidant properties which help to slow down skin ageing. Suitable for everyday use, the skin will be left looking and feeling revived. 195ml / 495ml
Hydrating Exfoliator: Will helps to replenish moisture levels while eliminating dead skin cells to reveal new fresh skin. With extracts of Cotton and Aloe Vera to moisturise, this hydrating exfoliating gel helps refine and smooth the complexion. 95ml / 245ml
Hydrating Mask: Formulated to restore moisture in normal to dry skins. Benefiting from extracts of Balm Mint, a natural antioxidant and Cotton, renowned for its hydrating properties, the skin will be moisturised and left feeling smooth and supple. 95ml / 245ml
Hydrating Moisturiser: Formulated to restore moisture and boost the complexion. Benefiting from extracts of Balm Mint, a natural antioxidant, and Cotton, for its hydrating properties, this formula works all day to nourish and hydrate the skin. 195ml / 495ml

The Calming Collection

DELICATE RANGE FOR SENSITIVE SKIN - The Calming range is excellent in soothing irritated or sensitive skin. Appearance: All skin types can be sensitive, but it is more common in drier skin as there is less sebum available for protection and prevention of moisture loss. High colouring and heightened awareness of pressure, cold, heat and pain skin that is allergy prone. Causes: Dilated capillaries. Skin reaction to products or ingredients. Hormonal imbalance. Damaging Factors: Alcohol. Certain chemicals. Facial scrubbing. A nervous condition. Perfume. Colours and preservatives in skin care products. Some essential oils. Pollution. Overexposure to UV light. Recommend: The Kaeso Calming Range and smoothing masks at home. Avoid brushing and stimulating massage.

Collection Key Ingredients & Benefits

White Nettle - helps to soothe irritated skin, a circulation enhancer and anti-inflammatory. Known for its tonic, astringent and revitalising properties.
Chamomile - effective in soothing irritated skin and healing the surface of the skin. A good antioxidant aiding the prevention of free radicals. Helps to promote cell regeneration and calms allergic reactions.
Mulberry - rich in Vitamin C, which can be effective against the signs of aging. Its antioxidant properties neutralise free radicals. An anti-inflammatory helping to enhance the skins natural ability to revitalise itself.
Pomegranate - natural anti-inflammatory effective for mild skin irritations and inflammation and aids the healing process. It helps promote the growth and thickening of the epidermis helping to restore the suppleness and equilibrium of the skin. It is also a powerful antioxidant.

Products

Calming Cleanser: A mild formula specially designed for sensitive skin to gently remove make-up and daily impurities. Contains Vitamin E, a powerful antioxidant which helps protect skin against the environment, Mulberry to soothe and moisturise, and Pomegranate to help protect skin against UV damage caused by free radicals. Leaves skin looking and feeling refreshed and energised. 195ml / 495ml
Calming Toner: Removes all traces of make-up and daily impurities, while clarifying the complexion without causing irritation. Benefiting from extracts of Mulberry and Pomegranate to leave the skin looking fresh, supple and energised. 195ml / 495ml
Calming Exfoliator Gel: Gently and effectively exfoliates the skin. With extracts of Aloe Vera to moisturise, Mulberry to help improve skin tone, and Pomegranate to help protect skin against the environment. The skin will be left feeling soft with a youthful appearance. 95ml / 245ml
Calming Mask: Gently purifies the skin without causing irritation. Benefiting from extracts of White Nettle known for its astringent properties and Chamomile to soothe the skin, this face mask leaves skin soft and revitalised. 95ml / 245ml Calming Moisturiser: Specially formulated to nourish and rejuvenate sensitive skin. Benefiting from extracts of Mulberry and Pomegranate to soften, soothe and refresh. Suitable for daily use, this lightweight formula helps protect the skin and leaves it feeling nourished and rehydrated. 195ml / 495ml

The Rebalancing Collection

BALANCING RANGE FOR OILY/COMBINATION SKIN - The Rebalancing range is excellent in treating oily, combination and problematic skin. It will bring balance to the client’s PH levels within the skin. Characteristics of the above skin types;

OILY SKIN

Appearance: More common in men due to hormonal secretions of testosterone which stimulates sebaceous function. Causes: Over secretion by the oil glands. Hereditary. Numerous and active sebaceous glands. Hormonal imbalances. Damaging Factors: Climate. Misuse of skin care products. Stress. Poor diet. Recommend: The Kaeso Rebalancing Range. Frequent salon treatments and a low toxin-based diet.

COMBINATION SKIN

Appearance: Usually refers to an oily T zone or centre panel, and dry cheeks and neck. But can consist of any of the previously mentioned skin types. Causes: More sebaceous glands in the centre panel. Puberty. Pregnancy. Menstruation or the menopause. Damaging Factors: Climate. Misuse of skin care products. Stress. Poor diet. Recommend: The Kaeso Rebalancing Range of products, to thoroughly cleanse the T zone while not over drying the cheeks. Nourishing moisturisers will nourish the drier areas, yet be light enough not to clog the pores and balancing salon treatments.

ACNE

Appearance: Very oily, with congestion in the form of papules, pustules and comedones. Often appears red, sensitive and infected as well as dehydrated. There may be scarring. Causes: Oiliness. Food allergies and sensitivities. Improper skincare. Hormonal imbalances. Hereditary. Climate. Stress. Premenstrual breakouts. Damaging Factors: Dirt and pollution. Sunlight. The use of astringents and drying cosmetics. Improper skincare. Hot, humid climate. Poor diet. Picking. Menstrual period. Stress. Recommend: The Kaeso Rebalancing Range. Frequent deep cleansing salon treatments. A good home care routine. If problems persist the client should seek advice from their GP and they may suggest some of the following; - Contraceptive Pill (Dianette), antibiotics; Vitamin A; Benzoyl Peroxide.

Collection Key Ingredients & Benefits

Willow Bark - An anti-inflammatory agent and a source of Salicylic Acid which causes a mild keratolytic effect on the skin encouraging the removal of dead skin cells, excellent for acne scarred skin.
Witch Hazel - Helps improve skin tone, works as an astringent and is great for tired, sluggish and infected skin. It is wound healing, anti-itching with emollient properties that soothe irritated skin.
Vitamin E - The skin vitamin, known for its anti-aging properties, can help reduce the appearance of fine lines. Its antioxidant properties help trap free radicals before they can damage skin cells. Beneficial in the prevention of acne scarring and psoriasis.
Mallow - An anti-inflammatory, soothing emollient that hydrates, softens and refreshes the skin. It soothes irritation, reduces inflammation and promotes healing.
Cucumber - Has moisture binding, soothing, tightening and refreshing properties. It also has strong moisturising capabilities.

Products

Rebalancing Cleanser: Gently removes everyday grime and make-up. Containing extracts of Mallow and Cucumber to moisturise and soften and Witch Hazel to help refine pores and reduce oiliness. Skin is left soft, supple and shine free. 195ml / 495ml
Rebalancing Toner: Effectively removes all traces of make-up and daily impurities. Benefiting from Mallow and Cucumber to moisturise and soften, and Witch Hazel to help refine pores and reduce oiliness. Restores the balance of an oily complexion and helps clarify skin condition. 195ml / 495ml
Rebalancing Exfoliator: Gently polishes the skins surface to boost the complexion and reveal fresh skin. With extract of Mallow to moisturise and Coconut Oil to help skin conditioning, the balance of the skin is restored and left looking bright and radiant. 95ml / 245ml
Rebalancing Mask: Formulated to reduce excess oil and remove impurities. Extracts of Willow Bark and Witch Hazel, natural astringents, help to boost skin tone while moisturising. This mask helps revitalise the complexion leaving skin looking more radiant. 95ml / 245ml
Rebalancing Moisturiser: Containing extracts of Mallow and Cucumber to moisturise and soften and Witch Hazel to help refine pores and reduce oiliness. Skin is left soft, supple and shine free. 195ml / 495ml

Eye Therapy Collection

A GENTLE & DELICATE RANGE - The Eye Therapy range is an excellent way of treating the delicate eye orbital area, whether it is in a facial routine or as an eye treatment. Collection Key Ingredients & Benefits

Mallow Ultra - moisturising properties. Helps to lock in moisture especially around the sensitive eye area.
Witch Hazel - Natural astringent with anti-bacterial properties.
Balm Mint - Organically cultivated with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect.
Vitamin E - an important anti-oxidant with healing and rehydrating properties also helps to protect skin against the environment.

Products

Revitalise Your Eyes, Eye Make-Up Remover: Revitalise Your Eyes dissolves stubborn eye makeup while ensuring the delicate skin around the eye is left refreshed and revitalised. Enriched with Mallow Extract, to moisturise the skin around the sensitive eye area, and conditioning Grape seed Oil to leave lashes feeling silky smooth and cared for. 195ml/495ml
Eye Believe Eye Make-Up Remover Oil
Hydrating cleansing oil that moisturises and removes make-up and waterproof mascara around the eye area without drying out the skin. Enriched with a blend of antioxidant and vitamin-rich ingredients, including cranberry, grapefruit and pomegranate. Leaves the skin feeling fresh, clean and moisturised. 195ml
I Sparkle, Eye Gel: An instant uplift for tired eyes, this calming and cool gel helps to reduce the appearance of puffiness around the eyes leaving them looking and feeling revitalised. Specially formulated with refreshing Witch Hazel and soothing Balm Mint to visibly improve the condition of the delicate eye area. Can be used as an eye mask within your facial routine. 30ml
Eye Candy Eye Treatment Cream: A luxuriously light formula to soften and re-hydrate the delicate skin around the eye area. Combining the ultra-moisturising properties of Mallow and Vitamin E, skin is left looking and feeling soft, smooth and supple. 30ml

The Facial Massage Collection

A PERFECT MASSAGE CREAM TO COMPLEMENT ANY FACIAL ROUTINE Collection Key Ingredients & Benefits

Vitamin E - helps to protect skin from free radicals, a powerful anti-oxidant that slows the ageing process. Cotton - Rich in Omega Fatty Acids crucial to healthy skin.

Products

Facial Massage Cream: A rich massage cream specially formulated for use during fingertip massage on the face and neck. Enriched with Vitamin E, a natural anti-oxidant, and Cotton to help hydrate and restore moisturise levels, leaving skin soft, smooth and supple. 450ml

The Specialist Mask Collection

LUXURIOUS QUALITY MASKS FORMULATED TO SPECIALISE THE PRESCRIPTION FACIAL Collection Key Ingredients & Benefits

Pomegranate - A natural astringent to help protect skin against the environment and UV damage caused by free radicals. Also holds moisturising benefits.
White Nettle - Organically cultivated with softening, anti-itching and astringent properties.
Dead Sea Mud - helps to cleanse, stimulate circulation and boost skin regeneration.

Products

Firming Mask: A lush, creamy face mask that helps to firm, tone and smooth the appearance of fine lines. With the added benefits of Pomegranate and White Nettle, to soothe, moisturise, and help improve skin tone, leaving the skin feeling silky smooth with a radiant glow. 95ml / 245ml
Deep Cleansing Mask: A therapeutic and rejuvenating deep cleansing mud mask specially formulated to remove impurities and reduce excess oil. Enriched with Dead Sea Mud to cleanse the skin, stimulate circulation and boost skin regeneration, promoting a smoother, cleaner complexion. 95ml / 245ml

The Additions Collection

SPECIALLY DESIGNED FORMULAS FOR SPECIFIC FACIAL TREATMENTS Collection Key Ingredients & Benefits

Pomegranate - A natural astringent to help protect skin against the environment and UV damage caused by free radicals. Also holds moisturising benefits.
Witch Hazel – A natural astringent with anti-bacterial properties.
Vitamin E - An important antioxidant with healing and hydrating properties which helps to protect skin against the environment.

Products

Kaeso Purity Hot Cloth Cleanser - Kaeso Black Pepper & Pomegranate Hot Cloth Cleanser gently removes dirt, impurities and stubborn make-up. It's infused with antibacterial witch hazel and eucalyptus oil for skin health, as well as natural extracts of black pepper and pomegranate for a fresh fragrance and a super-clean feel. Senses are left rejuvenated and uplifted and skin is thoroughly cleansed and soothed, leaving it with a silky-smooth radiance. 195ml
Elixir Facial Oil - Offers intensive hydration as a rejuvenating night treatment or as a flawless base for makeup application. Infused with natural extracts Features a unique blend of essential oils Replenishes moisture and restores radiance. 50ml
Luxe Facial Serum - Brightens and aids skin renewal, helping restore radiance, replenish lost moisture and create a silky smooth complexion. Infused with natural extracts. Easily absorbed Suitable for daily use
Fresh Faced Facial Mist: Refreshes and invigorates dull, tired skin. With astringent Witch Hazel and Pomegranate extracts to help protect skin against the environment, and leave skin hydrated, refreshed and energised. 195ml
Age Utopia Facial Moisturiser: A moisture rich formula to nourish, re-hydrate and help skin stay young. With natural extracts to moisturise and help improve skin tone while promoting elasticity. Suitable for daily use, will leave skin with a bright, youthful appearance. 95ml

Consultation

Before your client agrees to undergo the treatment, it is best practise to offer a consultation, this will allow both you and your client to get to know each other and discuss any queries ahead of the treatment. A consultation is a one to one discussion with your client which allows you to find out the important and confidential information that will help you advise and give clients the best treatment. Always introduce yourself to your client and aim to understand during the consultation your client’s general well-being, i.e. health, emotional, physical and mental states. You need to explain clearly why you are carrying out a consultation. Within your consultation it is important to make the most out of your session, not only getting to know your client but getting to know their requirements for treatment, this is done through visual observation, verbal questioning and physical examination. Use open questions to encourage your client to give you information without them feeling interrogated, this will allow you to connect with your client and offer them the best possible solution which will match their criteria, working together to set the objectives for the treatment. Below is an example consultation form template which can be used to record the outcomes and structure the consultation meeting; and a template treatment record form which can be used to record the details of any treatments provided.

Private & Confidential Client consultation Form

Client Details
Name :
Telephone Number :
Gender :

Medical History

Do you have or have you ever suffered from: high/low blood pressure, depressive illness, pace maker, epilepsy/fits, panic attacks, stroke, anxiety, diabetes, migraine/headaches, asthma, heart disease, pregnancy, operation in the last 6 months, phlebitis, infections illness, dysfunction of the nervous system, varicose veins, localised inflammation, bruising, open wounds, scar tissue, swelling, arthritis.

Medical History :
Allergies :
GP Practice :

I acknowledge that all information on this consultation sheet above my signature is accurate and correct to the best of my knowledge. I accept full and complete responsibility for my own emotional and/or physical wellbeing both during and after this treatment. I agree to inform the therapist of any changes to my circumstances during any subsequent treatments. I realise any advice given to me to carry out between treatment is important and I agree to make every effort to carry this out. Signed (client): Date: THE GENERAL DATA PROTECTION REGULATIONS (GDPR) are changing on the 25^TH MAY 2018. In order to comply with these regulations, we need to gain your consent to continue to hold your data and inform you of your individual rights under the new legislation. We require you to opt in to be able to hold your personal data, however certain information is required to enable us to fulfil our contractual obligations as detailed below. The amount of data we will hold on your or your business will include some or all of the following: Full name Address Contact telephone numbers Email address We use your information to allow us to fulfil our obligation to you as a client. You have the right to request a copy of the information we hold for you. If you would like a copy of the information, please contact me on: We would like to continue to correspond with you in the future with information relating to our products by email, telephone post or social media. I am happy for my therapist to communicate with me via the following methods please tick as relevant: EMAIL TELEPHONE POST MEDIA We may also need to contact you to ensure that all information help is kept accurate and up to date. I can confirm i have read and understood and agree with the way my data is used by[Therapist/Salon Name]. Signed: Date:

Private and Confidential Client Treatment Record

Client ref: _____________

Date		Treatment
Comments : Have there been any changes to your circumstances, medication general health since your last treatment?
Client Declaration: I declare that the information I have given is correct and to the best of my knowledge I can undertake treatments without any adverse effect. I have been fully informed about contra-indications and I am therefore willing to proceed with the treatments.
Patch test : Brand used Product Used Date
Signature		Date

Contra-indications/Contra-actions

Contra-indications are the presence of a condition which may make the client unsuitable for a treatment. The treatment may not take place, or it may need to be adapted. When treating a client if they show any signs of a contra-indication refer them to their GP for treatment or advice. Do not diagnose clients with contra – indication’s they may have even if you are sure you know what it is, you may be providing incorrect advice or guidance. If unsure about any contra-indication do not provide treatment to the client, instead refer them to their GP. Thus, protecting yourself and the client. Be very careful when dealing with contra-indications, it can be a delicate subject and you want to avoid opening yourself up for any further liability where possible. It is always important to consider other clients you are providing treatments to, so always make sure you, your environment and all equipment complies with the required hygiene standards to avoid cross infection.

Contra-indications that prevent Kaeso Facial treatment:

Impetigo This is recognisable by the reddening of skin, but soon becomes a cluster of blisters or pustules which have a crusty ‘stuck on’ appearance. It is a highly contagious bacterial infection which spreads very easily, and treatment may cause cross infection. The therapist should recommend that the client goes to see their GP for medication. The treatment can be carried out once the condition has cleared completely.

Herpes Simplex The herpes simplex virus, or 'cold sore virus', is highly contagious and can be easily spread across the face or passed from person to person by close direct contact. Once someone has been exposed to the virus it remains dormant (inactive) most of the time. However, every so often the virus is activated by certain triggers, causing an outbreak of cold sores. The triggers that cause cold sores vary from person to person. Some people frequently suffer from recurring cold sores, two to three times a year for example, while others have one cold sore and never have another. Some people never get cold sores because the virus never becomes active. The client should be recommended to go to a local pharmacy for advice. The treatment can be carried out once the condition has cleared completely.
Tinea Corporis Tinea corporis, also known as body ringworm, is a fungal infection of the skin. It produces small, scaly patches of skin which can spread outwards and heal from the centre, leaving an easily identifiable ring. Any area of the body may be affected, and treatment could cause cross infection spreading it over the client, to the therapist and indirectly to potential new clients. You should not treat a client who is suffering from Tinea Corporis and should refer them to their GP.
Systemic Medical Conditions A systemic medical condition is one that affects a number of organs or tissues and can therefore be spread throughout the body. You should not treat clients with such a condition until it is completely cleared.
Conjunctivitis And Other Eye Infections Infective conjunctivitis is caused by a virus or bacteria. The most common symptoms include:
- reddening and watering of the eyes
- a sticky coating on the eyelashes, particularly when waking up in the morning

You should recommend that the client goes to see their GP for medication. The treatment can be carried out once the condition has cleared completely. Other common eye infections that would be contra-indicated are sties and blepharitis which make the eyes look red and sore.

Severe Skin Conditions If the client has a severe skin condition, you should not offer treatment. It may be contagious and so the client should be referred to their GP and should not be treated until the condition has completely cleared.
Acne Vulgaris This occurs mainly on the face, chest, shoulders and back. Symptoms often include comedones, papules, pustules, cysts and a shiny sallow appearance to the skin. It is an inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands, linked with hormone imbalances, sebum and bacteria and commonly occurs in teenagers. It is not contagious, but symptoms can range from mild to severe. Pitting and scarring of the skin may often be its legacy.
Acne Rosacea Often referred to as ‘adult acne’ this bacterial condition can affect both men and typically, menopausal women. Characterised by redness, this flushed appearance often affects the centre of the face where noticeable blood vessels and pimples can be seen. Again the cause is unknown, but hormone levels are thought to play a major part in its development. Symptoms are aggravated by heat, sunshine, alcohol, spicy foods and stress.
Boils (Furuncles) These pus filled, bacterial, skin infections often occur around the hair follicle and are otherwise known as skin abscesses. They often form beneath the skin in people with poor hygiene or weakened immune systems.
Herpes Zoster (Shingles) This viral infection is often a re-emergence of the chicken pox virus when a person’s immune system is weakened. It usually affects spinal nerves and a painful eruption of blisters occurs along the nerve pathways. Being highly contagious, the person may feel feverish and unwell and should not be treated.
Warts (Verrucae) These small, rough growths are caused by a virus and can grow both individually and in clusters. They are painless, but highly contagious and are often found on fingers, the face, knees and areas that are frequently injured. Plantar warts or verruccae is the name given to those found on the feet and treatment should not be carried out.
Parasitic Infections Any ‘infestation’ type condition such as scabies will be highly contagious and should not be treated. They can be passed on by direct contact, or less commonly through indirect contact with clothes and bed linen. The scabies itch mite burrows into the skin and within a few days the eggs laid there will hatch, causing intensely itchy, tiny red bumps and blotches which feel worse at night.
Skin Cancers There are three main types, all of which are caused by excessive long-term exposure to the sun. As therapists, it is important to be able to recognise these disorders so that referrals may be made to the client’s GP for checking and diagnosis.
Basal cell carcinoma (rodent ulcers) This is the most common form of skin cancer which rarely spreads to other parts of the body, but may invade surrounding tissues, which can be dangerous if located close to the brain, eyes or mouth. It can appear in many forms, such as raised bumps that break open and form scabs, flat pale or red patches or enlarged papules with thickened pearly borders. They can often be mistaken for sores which continually bleed, scab and heal, but do not always originate in the basal cells of the epidermis.
Squamous cell (prickle-cell cancer) This type of carcinoma originates in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis. It can sometimes develop in areas not exposed to the sun, for example, the mouth. It has a thick, warty, scaly appearance which can rapidly develop into an open sore that grows into underlying tissue. These cancers can spread and may also be caused by chemicals and physical irritants.
Malignant melanoma This malignant tumour originates in the melanocytes or in previously benign moles. The moles may become larger, darker and change shape, or bleed. They are thought to be the most dangerous of the carcinomas and will spread to other organs and/or tissues.
Recent Scar Tissue Do not work over scar tissue that is less than six months old for smaller scars and only then if there is no sign of redness and the scar looks healed. A period of two years may be necessary for larger scars and major operations. If in doubt, refer the client to their GP for advice before treating. This also applies to fractures, sprains and broken bones. Do not carry out a treatment over the affected area until it is completely healed. You can treat areas that remain unaffected.
Eczema This appears on the skin as a red rash that sometimes is raised or itchy and there may be blisters. The skin can weep, and crack and scaling of skin can occur. It is commonly found on the insides of joints and backs of the knees. Do not treat any area that is affected by eczema. If the client has very severe eczema it is best for them to obtain GP’s consent prior to treating as certain products may irritate the condition further.
Psoriasis Dull red papules appear on the skins that are covered in silvery scales that can become infected. This disorder often affects the hair line and outsides of joints such as the elbows and knees. You can work on areas that are not affected. However, if there is any sign of infection or weeping you must not offer treatment and the client should take advice from their GP.
Hyperkeratosis Hyperkeratosis occurs when the outer layer of the skin becomes thicker. This often forms as some sort of protection against irritation or pressure. This is usually painless and may be worked upon.
Skin Allergies If the client indicates they have had a previous reaction to a facial treatment or product then treatment must not go ahead. Some clients may have allergies to the ingredients found in certain skincare products. If this is the case, you should not treat the client.
Cuts, Abrasions and Bruising Do not offer treatment over the affected area until completely healed. You can treat unaffected areas where it is possible to do so.
Sty (hordeolum) This is the inflammation of the eyelid, often the upper lid. This is caused by an infection in the hair follicle. There is swelling and redness, and pain is felt in the eyelid. Scratching or rubbing the infected area could cause the infection to spread. You should recommend that the client goes to the doctors for medication. Treatment can then be carried out once the condition has been treated and cleared completely.
Recent Semi-Permanent Make-Up, Facial Piercings or Tattoos You should wait until the pierced or tattooed area has completely healed before offering a treatment.
Recent Plastic Surgery, Skin Peels or Cosmetic Microdermabrasion Treatments The client should take advice from their medical practitioner about how long they should wait before treatment can be carried out.
Recent Botox Treatments Or Lip Or Facial Fillers The client should take advice from their medical practitioner about how long they should wait before treatment can be carried out.
Topical And Oral Retinoids And Steroid Creams Caution needs to be exercised in people using oral retinoids. Treatment should not be performed until these medications have been stopped for at least six months to a year. Individuals using products including ingredients such as Retin A should stop the medication three to four weeks prior to their facial treatment to avoid skin injury and soreness. Prolonged use of steroid creams can also thin the skin. Refer the client to their GP for written consent prior to treating.
Contact Dermatitis As well as taking care of the client, you should also make sure that you think about yourself. You should be aware that as a therapist you may also suffer from contact dermatitis or allergies. If this is the case, follow the procedure as you would with a client, and take precautions during further treatments.
Epilepsy When discussing this illness with your client you do have to be very careful not to offend the client and be accused of discrimination on the grounds of disability. We recommend that you ask the client if they know what brings on a seizure and how often they experience them. If they have any more concerns about whether they should go ahead with the treatment, you should recommend that they seek advice from their GP.
Epilepsy If the client decides to go ahead with treatment you should ensure that you have a contact number for their next of kin recorded on their consultation card and you should discuss with the client what action you should be required to take in the event that they have a seizure whilst with you. It is for this reason that we strongly recommend that all therapists undertake a first aid training course to ensure they are able to know how to help someone that may have an epileptic seizure whilst visiting the salon.
Treating Diabetic Clients It is acceptable to offer some manual facial treatments to diabetic clients whose condition is controlled by diet or medication. This removes the need for the therapist having to obtain written consent from the client's GP. However, therapists must always ensure that there are no other medical complications present in the area to be treated that may be related to the diabetes, such as neuropathy, as this can cause reduced sensation that restricts the client’s ability to feel heat or pain in a specific area. If any loss of sensation is present in the area to be treated then you should always refer their client back to their GP for advice and consent prior to offering massage treatments.

Important Note: remember that as a beauty therapist, you are not qualified to diagnose a medical condition and therefore, if you have any doubt about whether to offer your client a facial treatment, you must refer them to their GP to obtain written consent prior to the treatment going ahead.

Contra-Actions

Contra-actions are reactions of a client caused by a treatment taking place. You must explain to your client what/if any reactions to expect during/after the treatment. It is always advisable to do a patch test with products that you are using for the first time to make sure that your client is not allergic to anything in them. With all contra-actions, tell your client to get in touch with their GP for advice if they do not improve within 24 hours. Kaeso Facials are a very safe treatment with minimal complications, but Contra-actions that may occur in relation to Kaeso Facial treatment are usually reactions to the products used. Skincare products can contain ingredients which may cause an adverse reaction. Before your treatment, check whether the client is aware of any allergies, or has suffered any reactions in the past. A contra-action is something that happens as a result of having had a treatment. It may be caused by the treatment itself or, by the client not following the correct after care advice, as instructed by the therapist. Symptoms of an allergic reaction include itching, swelling, inflammation, blistering at the site of contact followed by weeping, dryness and flaking of the skin. Symptoms of an allergy are not always immediate and may take up to 48 hours to surface. If a client does react to any products during treatment, remove the substance immediately with water and apply a cooling lotion. Make a note of the reaction and your response on the client’s record card and advise them to seek medical advice.

Treatment

Stage 1: Patch Testing A patch test is necessary prior to each application 48-72 hrs prior to treatment, following the below process:

Using soap and water, cleanse a small area of the skin behind the ear or on the inner surface of the forearm.
Apply a small amount of all the products you intend to use to the area you have prepared for the patch test and allow to dry.
If no irritation or inflammation is apparent, it is usually assumed that no sensitivity to the products exists.

If any sign of irritation occurs wash the area thoroughly and do not carry out the treatment. For legal reasons insurance companies require a patch test to be carried out. If your client has an adverse reaction to a treatment and has not received a patch test, then your insurance policy may be invalidated. Positive reaction – sore, swollen, red itchy – DO NOT TREAT Negative reaction – no change to skin – TREAT You must record patch testing on the Client Treatment Record, and it must contain the following information:

Name of treatment
Solution % used
Clients name
Product used
Date

Stage 2: Therapist Information Before you begin the treatment, you will need to perform the following:

Analyse your client’s skin, to identify their skin type.
Ask what their current skin care regime includes, or do they have one?
Do they have any problems with their skin?

All of the above will help you determine which Kaeso collection range would be suitable to use during the client’s facial treatment. Skin Analysis:

Skin texture - does the skin have any of the following:
- Overactive sebaceous glands- Resulting in the skin being oily and congested with large pores.
- Underactive sebaceous glands- Resulting in the skin being dry, tight and taught with very small pores.
Colouration and pigmentation of the skin can also tell us a lot about the client’s skin.Skin with dilated capillaries or redness has a dry tendency and can be hypersensitive.Sallow and sluggish skin has an oily tendency and can be prone to congestion.
Are there signs of dehydration present in the skin? This can be done by either gently pinching the skin to check, how quickly the skin relaxes back or gently lift the client skin contours around the cheek/jowl area to see if there are any fine, tiny crack like, linespresent.
How much caffeine intake they have within their diet?
Is their current skin care regime prone to drying the skin? Or could they be over cleansing the skin?
What is the degree of sensitivity within the skin?
- Hay fever and sinusitis sufferers tend to have dry and hypersensitive skin prone to allergies
- Redness of the cheeks shows signs of sensitivity and could have broken capillaries present, showing signs of skindamage.
- Skin can become sensitive at any time of the year, which could be caused due to the use of harsh products,resulting in dermatitis being present or a reaction.
- The environment can play a big factor within our skin, e.g. the harsh winter months can cause the skin to becomeextremely dry, cracked and sore resulting in the skin becoming sensitive.

Once you have performed a thorough skin diagnosis record the information on your client card. Stage 3: STEP BY STEP GUIDE TO A COMPLETE KAESO FACIAL – FacialTechnique; Cleanse, Tone, Steam and Extract. STEP 1a - Superficial Cleanse Eyes Option 1 - Apply Kaeso® Revitalise Your Eyes, to a damp cotton wool pad and work gently from the inner to outer corners of the eye. Go back over the eye area with a damp cotton pad to remove any residue. Option 2 - For use on stubborn eye make-up, mature skin and those who do not have eyelash extensions, use Kaeso® Eye Believe Eye Make-up Remover Oil. Apply using a cotton wool pad working from the inner to outer corners of the eye. Go back over the eye area with a damp cotton pad to remove any residue.

Use an eye make-up remover suitable for the client’s skin to cleanse one eye at a time. With one hand, support and lift the eye tissue at the eyebrow while the other hand uses the ring finger to gently apply the eye make-up remover.
Wipe over the eye with a clean damp cotton wool pad, using a clean side each time you wipe.
Fold a circular damp cotton wool pad in half and place under the lower lashes. Apply a small amount of eye make-up cleanser to a damp cotton bud and stroke downwards over the lashes in order to remove any mascara. Wipe the cotton bud gently underneath the lashes to remove any last traces of make-up whilst supporting the tissue at the outer corner of the eye.
Using clean damp cotton wool, remove the product. Remember to use a fresh piece of cotton wool and a fresh cotton bud when treating the second eye.
Repeat the process on both eyes until the eye area is clean and free from make-up.

Lips Using one or two pumps of the skin specific Kaeso® cleanser, applied to a damp cotton wool pad or with fingertips, gently wipe around the lip area in a figure of eight movement before removing with damp cotton wool pad.

Apply a small amount of the product onto the back of your hand. Using the same hand, support the left side of the client’s mouth. With the other hand, apply the product using small circular movements from left to right across the upper lip and then in the opposite way along the lower lip.
Supporting the corner of the mouth, use a clean damp cotton pad to remove the cleanser by wiping across the lips. Use a clean side of cotton wool each time that you wipe until the lips are totally clean.
Repeat the cleanse as often as necessary until both the lips and the cotton wool pad shows clean.

Face Option 1 Apply Kaeso® skin specific cleanser to the face, neck and décolletage area using an upward and outward sweeping movement.

Using a cleansing product appropriate for your client’s skin type, place enough of the product to cover the face and neck into one hand. Massage the hands together to warm the product.
Clasp the fingers together at the bottom of the chin and unlink them as you move up the jaw. Stroke inwards over the upper lip and then outwards towards the cheekbones, bringing the hands together either side of the nose and then up onto the forehead, pointing your fingertips downwards and keeping your palms in contact with the skin. Repeat this action once more.
Massage the product into the skin using your fingertips to perform light circular movements. Begin at the base of the neck and finish at the forehead.
Remove the cleanser thoroughly using clean damp cotton wool, stroking upwards and outwards over the surface of the skin. Repeat removal as often as necessary using clean damp cotton wool each time. You can also use facial sponges, facial mitts or hot towels to remove the product.

STEP 1b - Deep Cleanse

Apply a suitable cleansing product for your client’s skin type in the same way as for a superficial cleanse.
Starting at the clavicle, use your fingertips to stroke up both sides of the neck then draw your fingers outwards to the top of the jawbone. From here, stroke back down the neck to the position that you started in. Repeat this four times.
Stroke the skin of the neck using small circular movements, taking care to avoid putting pressure on the throat area.
Move your fingertips outwards again towards the angle of the jaw. Rest your index fingers one either side of the jawbone and place your middle fingers beneath it. Move the right hand over the chin and then back to the starting position and repeat this with the left hand. Repeat this five times.
Use small circular movements with the pads of your fingers on the chin and then move upwards from the corners of the mouth to the corners of the nose, across the cheeks and back down again.
Work over both sides of the nose, being careful not to apply too much pressure.
Using the pads of the fingers, begin at the inner corner of the brow bone and then slide to the outer corner and around and under the eyes in a circle before returning to the starting position. Repeat this five times.
Use both of your hands to perform small circular movements across the forehead. Repeat this five times.
With the index and middle fingers of each hand separated stroke over the forehead using a crisscross movement.
Slide the index finger up to the inner corner of the eyebrow and lift it slightly before lifting the centre of the eyebrow with the middle finger. Then lift the outer corner of the eyebrow using the ring finger before sliding the ring fingers down and beneath the eye. Repeat this five times.
Apply slight pressure at the temples with both palms to indicate that the deep cleansing sequence is complete.

STEP 2-Tone Apply the skin specific Kaeso® toner will balance the pH levels of client’s skin.Warn the client that you are now going to remove the product and that the toner may be cold. Apply toner to two pieces of clean damp cotton wool and then wipe these gently up and outwards over the whole of the neck and face until all traces of the cleanser have been removed. After application of the toning lotion, immediately blot the skin dry with a soft facial tissue in order to prevent the toner evaporating from the skin’s surface. Skin Analysis After the toning procedure, analyse the client’s skin using a magnifying lamp in order to identify the client’s skin type and any skin conditions, congestions or problems requiring attention. Findings from the skin diagnosis should be recorded on the client’s record card. This will enable you to determine what the correct form of treatment should be and also the best products to use on the client’s skin. The client should be semi-reclined and not lying flat in order for the face to fall naturally. The skin diagnosis should incorporate not only what the skin looks like but also what it feels like. Look at all areas of the face, starting with the neck before moving on to the chin, the cheeks, the nose and the forehead. STEP 3- Exfoliate Apply a small amount of the skin specific Kaeso® Exfoliator onto damp skin, using a spreading action. Gently massage using small circular motions paying particular attention to the T-zone. Avoid the delicate eye area. Remove with facial sponges. STEP 4- Tone Apply the skin specific Kaeso® toner with damp cotton wool pads to balance the pH levels of the client’s skin. Blot any excess with a facial tissue. STEP 5- Hot Towels or steaming or both A clean damp towel can be heated in a hot towel cabinet (a slow cooker works) or just wet down a towel with warm water. The cabinet is usually set at a pre-set temperature of 72 Degrees Celsius. When removing the towels from the cabinet ensure that you use the tongs provided. Always open out the hot towel fully prior to applying to the client’s face. Always warn the client when you are about to place the towel on their skin, explaining that it will feel warm. This treatment is not suitable for clients who suffer from claustrophobia. Reassure the client that you will stay with them whilst the towel is in place and that the towel can be removed at any time.Prior to applying the hot towel, you must cover the client’s eyes with clean damp cotton wool pads. Place the towel under the chin and up over the cheeks and forehead, bringing it together at the top but leaving the mouth and nose uncovered to permit the client to breathe. Leave in place until the heat from the towel has dissipated. Steaming Steaming is an optional part of the facial routine and is an alternative to hot towels. Steaming takes place directly after the deep cleanse or exfoliating treatment. Depending upon the product used it may be used in conjunction with the exfoliant. Again, protect the eyes with clean damp cotton wool pads and any other areas of the face and neck that you want to protect from the steam treatment. Always turn on the steamer away from the client and then, keeping it at a safe distance, place it so that the steam falls up the face. Check with the client to make sure it is at a comfortable temperature. You can carry out steaming for as little as five minutes or as long as 15 minutes depending on how much the skin needs to be softened prior to the removal of skin blockages. Remove Skin Blockages Removing skin blockages should be carried out after the skin has been softened by the deep cleanse or after any skin warming treatments, if these have been included.Wearing gloves cover your two index fingers with clean facial tissues. Roll and squeeze the area around the blockage between the two fingers in order to gently force the contents out of the pores without breaking the surrounding skin. Following the extraction, wipe over the area with a soothing antibacterial product in order to prevent infection through the pore. Comedone Removal – also known as blackheads Use the loop end of the comedone extractor tool to apply gentle pressure around the comedone. This should cause the comedone to leave the skin. Protect the client’s hair using a towel.Always turn the steamer on away from the client. If it does not come away easily you may apply pressure with the fingers at the sides of the comedone. Wrap a tissue around the pads of the index fingers in order to do this. Milium Extraction Hold the point of the extractor tool on the surface of the skin and superficially pierce the epidermis. This creates an opening for the sebaceous substance to pass to the surface of the skin. Use either the comedone extractor or your gloved index fingers with tissue wrapped around them to apply gentle pressure. You may wish to apply a mild antiseptic soothing lotion afterwards to help the skin to heal. STEP 6-Facial Massage Option 1 Apply Kaeso® Facial Massage Cream onto the face, neck, shoulders and décolletage, using a spreading action, incorporating your chosen massage procedure. Remove the massage cream with warm facial sponges or a hot towel. Option 2 Apply Kaeso® Facial Blend Oil to the face, neck, shoulders and décolletage, using a circular motion, then incorporate your chosen massage procedure. Remove the massage oil with warm facial sponges or a hot towel. Massage technique The massage should usually take 15-20 minutes and is made up of four different massage movements.

Effleurage – A light stroking movement applying even pressure in a rhythmical, continuous way which encourages relaxation. These movements are used to begin, link and complete the massage sequence.
Petrissage – Kneading movements which apply firm yet gentle pressure.
Percussion (tapotement) – Brisk, stimulating, light tapping movements are performed at a consistent rhythm.
Vibrations – Rapid contraction and relaxation of muscles in the therapist’s arm produce a fine trembling movement which stimulate the skin in order to improve its functioning.

Apply the chosen massage medium to the chest, around the shoulders, and upwards over the neck and face using effleurage movements.Once the medium has been applied, commence the massage of the neck using alternate hands to perform effleurage movements up each side of the neck towards the jaw. Then roll the hands alternately over the chin, across the side of the face and up on to the cheek. Do this on one side of the face and then repeat on the other side. Using the middle finger, perform alternate strokes across the upper lip and then up either side of the nose before stroking up the bridge of the nose and up onto the forehead. Sweep down with a superficial stroke back to the starting position. Repeat this sequence five times.Ensure the effleurage movement is continuous and that contact with the client’s skin is not broken. Check that the pressure is comfortable for the client throughout.

Starting from underneath the clavicle, use a firm effleurage movement to sweep across the pectoral muscles, round the cap of the shoulders, across the deltoid and the trapezius muscles. Sweep both hands up the back of the neck to the base of the skull. Lighten the pressure and allow your hands to travel down each side of the neck back to the starting position. Repeat this sequence six times.
Gently turn your client’s head to the right. Support the client’s right side of the head with your right hand whilst the left hand is placed beneath the left clavicle. Sweep your hand across the left side of the chest and around the cap of the shoulder and up the back of the neck to the base of the skull. Repeat this sequence four times.
Using the pads of the fingers, press firmly into the muscles in the back of the left side of the neck. Using a fine trembling vibration movement, work from the bottom of the neck up to the base of the skull. Repeat this movement twice before repeating both sequences on the right shoulder and neck.
Return the client’s head to the centre. Place both hands in the start position under the clavicle and apply digital kneading across the décolleté, starting from the centre and moving outwards on both sides simultaneously. Repeat this sequence twice.
Starting with your hands behind the shoulders, knead the deltoid, stroking around the back of the deltoid round to the front. Repeat this movement six times.
Place both your hands on to the trapezius muscle at the back of the shoulders. Use the pads of the fingers to knead the upper fibres of the trapezius muscle four times.Place the fingertips on the front of the shoulders and the thumbs on the upper fibres of the trapezius muscle. Knead the area using the thumbs.
Return to the start position underneath the clavicle. Using the knuckles of both hands, gently knead in a circular motion across the pectorals, moving outwards, around the deltoid and then round the back of the shoulders, working over the trapezius. Repeat this sequence twice.
Working up the face, use alternate hands to effleurage up the left side of the neck, lifting the cheek upwards and then moving onto the right side, repeating the movements. Using the thumbs, knead around the chin, with the fingers lightly supporting the underneath of the jaw. From the chin, use your thumb and fingers to knead across the jaw, outwards towards the ears and back to the chin. Repeat this sequence four times.
Use the fingertips to massage from the corners of the nose up, over the cheeks, towards the temples. Repeat this sequence twice.
Using the knuckles, gently massage from the corners of the mouth, across the cheek and the jaw in a circular movement. Repeat this sequence four times.
Using the index finger, knead either side of the nose, starting at the outer corners and travelling up to the bridge of the nose.Slide up the sides of the nose to the inner corners of the eyes. Using the index finger, lift the inner corner of the brow upwards, sweeping out across the brow bone to the outer corner of the eye and back underneath the eye to the inner corner. Repeat this circular movement twice.
Working underneath the brow line, use the index and middle finger of each hand to apply gentle intermittent pressure along the brow at intervals towards the temple before sliding underneath the eye and back to the inner corner of the brow. Repeat this action four times.
Move the hands to the outer edges of the forehead and massage the temples using the index and middle finger to perform circular movements. Repeat this movement six times.
Use the fingertips to knead in a circular motion from one side of the forehead to the other and back. Repeat this action twice.
With alternate hands, use effleurage movements from the top of the bridge of the nose up the forehead. Repeat this four times.
Massage the sides of the temples using the heels of the hands in a circular motion. Repeat this action four times.
Returning to the start position underneath the clavicle, use a firm effleurage movement to sweep across the pectoral muscles, round the cap of the shoulders, across the deltoid and the trapezius muscles. Sweep both hands up the back of the neck to the base of the skull. Lighten the pressure and allow your hands to travel down each side of the neck back to the starting position. Repeat this sequence five times.
Draw the hands up to the forehead and place the palm of one hand over the other. Apply slight pressure before moving slightly further up the forehead and applying pressure again.Move the hands to the sides of the face and hold them there for a few seconds to indicate the facial massage is complete. Remove one hand and then the other.

STEP 7-Tone Apply the skin specific Kaeso® toner with damp cotton wool pads to balance the pH levels of the client’s skin. Blot any excess with a facial tissue. STEP 8- Treatment Masks A face mask is an intensive treatment which is incorporated into the facial routine after the massage. There are a wide variety of masks available that have a range of different purposes. These may be setting, which turn hard whilst on the face, or non-setting, which remain soft. Protect the client’s hair using a towel before applying the mask using a sterilized mask brush or a spatula. Apply to the neck first followed by the chin, cheeks, nose and forehead. If you wish to use more than one mask in order to treat different skin conditions, you can layer them, taking care to apply the one that will need to be left on the longest first. Apply it evenly so that it can work to its full effect on the whole of the face. Do not apply too thickly as this will make removing it very difficult as well as wasting some of the product, only the product in direct contact with the skin has any effect. Keep nostrils, lips, eyebrows and the hairline clear and free of the mask and protect the eyes using clean damp cotton wool. Wash your hands after application. Leave the mask on for the recommended time outlined in the manufacturer’s instructions or the time needed for the effect required. Take into account the sensitivity of the skin and the comfort of the client. Whilst the mask is on, you could use the time to massage the client’s hands or feet. mask using damp make-up sponges or damp cotton pads. After the mask has been removed, ensure there are no traces of it left on the skin before applying toner using clean damp cotton wool. Use a facial tissue to blot the skin dry. Face mask sheets are also available.

Eyes optional

Apply Kaeso® I Sparkle Gel to cool and calm the eye area. This will act as an eye treatment mask.Using a gentle tapping motion, apply the gel around the eye area starting from the inner corner and working towards the outer eye area. STEP 9 - Tone Apply the skin specific Kaeso® toner with damp cotton wool pads to balance the pH levels of the client’s skin. Blot any excess with a facial tissue. STEP 10 - Treatment Eye Cream Apply Kaeso® Eye Candy Treatment Cream using one small pump for each eye, (about the size of a grain of rice is sufficient). Using the ring finger, smooth gently around the total eye area working from the inner to outer corners. STEP 11 –Moisture Surge optional Option 1 - Apply a thin layer of Kaeso® Luxe Serum evenly and massage into skin until absorbed. Option 2 – For mature skin or dehydrated skin types apply a thin layer of Kaeso® Elixir Facial Oil directly to the skin using a massaging motion until completely absorbed. STEP 12 – Moisturise Moisturising is usually the final stage of a facial routine. Remove moisturiser from its container using a disposable spatula and place it on the back of your hand. Take it on to the fingertips of the other hand.Apply using strokes outwards along the jaw, in over the upper lip and out and up over the nose to the forehead. Blot any excess moisturiser from the skin using a facial tissue. Apply one or two pumps of the skin specific Kaeso® moisturiser to the face, neck and décolletage in an upward and outward sweeping movement. Finish using raindrop movements, to gently wake the client. STEP 13 – Hydrate optional Holding the Kaeso® Fresh Faced Facial Mist bottle approximately 25cm away from the clients face making sure the clients eyes are closed, gently spray into the air allowing the mist to drop naturally onto the client’s face, hydrating the skin and sealing in the moisturiser.

Adaptation

Treatment Adaptation The facial is not a treatment which should be left to stagnate on your treatment menu. It can be modified and updated in many different ways to offer a more relaxing or remedying treatment which many clients will enjoy. You should not be afraid to try new things as part of your facials, as giving the client more choice will mean that you can cater for all. If you are still stuck for ideas, contact your skincare suppliers as many will have specialist lines. Male Clients As male skin can be quite different to female skin it should be treated differently during a facial treatment. Male skin tends to have a more acidic surface, and so the products that you use need to compliment this. It may be worth contacting your skincare supplier to see if they have a specialist range that caters for male skin. You should remember that the process of shaving can sensitise and dry the skin, so ensure that you use products which will help to deal with this. As the ageing process can appear to be slower in male skin you will not need to concentrate on anti-ageing products and techniques as much, unless this is of concern to the client. Luxury Facial It is possible to list a number of different facials on your treatment menu which accommodate different time scales and price points. As your standard facial may last anywhere between 30 minutes and an hour, try putting together a luxury facial which lasts for longer. This may involve a longer concentration on each section of the facial or include elements that you would not normally offer. You could consider offering extra massage as part of the treatment, focusing on areas such as the scalp, shoulders, arms, hands or feet. Targeted Facials A targeted facial could be put together to treat specific conditions. This could include anti-ageing, acne or dehydrated skin. You should modify your routine and products according to the client and try and ensure that you have specialist product lines that deal with the problems you treat.

Aftercare

It is very important to give your client clear instructions about what to expect and what to do at home in order to get the best from their treatments. This will help prolong the effects of the treatment. You should always ensure that you give clear and thorough aftercare advice to your client at the end of every treatment, and where possible this should be given in writing. This can include advising the client about any retail products which may be beneficial to them. It also ensures that the client achieves maximum benefit from the treatment and helps to maintain the effects for longer.

Aftercare Advice

To maximise the benefits of the Kaeso Facial Treatment clients should follow this advice over the next 24 hours following treatment:

Avoid heavy makeup following the Kaeso facial, basic eyes and lips are fine, the skin has been deep cleansed and will react readily to further products applied therefore sensitivity to the makeup used could occur.
To avoid any heat/electrical treatments, the skin has been hydrated and will react quickly to heat leading to possible over stimulation and sensitivity of the skin.
If possible, advise your client to remain in a stress-free calm environment for the next 24 hours to benefit from the massage.
Avoid touching the skin and if necessary, cleanse before going to bed.

Clients can expect the skin to improve in its texture and appearance over the next few days. Written Aftercare Advice Aftercare is very important in order to prevent sensitivity or problems such as contra-actions after the client has left your treatment room. You should make sure you give any advice and recommendations accurately and constructively. Make sure the client understands the aftercare advice, and always provide a written explanation for extra clarity. You should make sure that the aftercare advice you offer is specific to your client’s needs, based on the treatment they have just had. Always ensure that the client has plenty of opportunity to ask any questions about their treatment, skin, or aftercare.

Recommend Products

After the treatment has been completed you should explain to your client what products you have used and why. You can then go on to recommend products that would be suitable for them to use at home and advise them what their full home-care routine should be. This could involve giving them samples if your skincare supplier provides them but be sure to clearly explain how and when to use each product. You should also provide advice on contra-actions that may occur after the treatment, or when using home-care products. You should outline what they may be, how to prevent them and what to do if they occur. You should also advise your client on what products they can and cannot use immediately after the treatment. You should explain that it is not recommended to apply make-up for up to eight hours as the cosmetics may cause congestion. You should also inform your client how long they should leave in between appointments. This will largely depend on the condition of their skin, and their reason for booking the treatment.

Supplies, Storage & Insurance

Supplies you will need:It is always best to buy the best quality equipment that you can afford. Remember that if you are working mobile you will be carrying this equipment around on a daily basis and if it is heavy you could injure yourself or risk repetitive strain injuries. Buy the lightest but sturdiest equipment available and never compromise your own health. If you visit your local wholesaler to purchase your equipment you will need to show them copies of your Guild membership insurance cover documentation to prove that you are qualified before they will issue you with a trade card. Before commencing treatment, you will need to have the following pieces of equipment:

Client record card – to document treatment and record skin analysis
Couch – this can be static or collapsible if you are mobile. Always ask the supplier if you can try to put up and dismantle the couch before you buy it and check that you are able to lift it. The couch must have an adjustable head rest and be covered in a washable material. Some of the more expensive couches are electric but these are more suited to salon-based therapists as they are not transportable.
Couch cover - ensure that the couch cover is made of a material that can be washed at a high temperature.
Disposable bed roll - this is placed over the couch cover and is replaced after each use.
Equipment trolley - a sturdy trolley is required that is large enough to hold all your equipment safely.
Stool - this will need to be easy to clean and should be adjustable in height.
Clean towels - must be used for every client. These can be used to drape over the client, and for use during the treatment.
Mirror - a small hand mirror should be available for the client to use before and after their treatment.
Headband - this will protect the client’s hair from any of the products and will prevent it getting in the way during treatment. It should be either disposable or be able to be washed at high temperatures.
Cotton wool - this can be used to apply or remove products and should be disposed of immediately after use.
Tissues - these may dry off areas of skin or help to remove excess products. They should be disposed of immediately after use.
Spatulas - you need a selection of different sizes of spatula, preferably disposable. These can be used to extract products from their containers.
Facial sponges or mitts - these are used to remove products from the skin.
Magnifying lamp - This can be mounted on the floor, wall or trolley and will assist in closer examination of the client’s skin.
Warm towel heater - this will prepare hot steam towels to soften the skin and remove products from the skin's surface.
Cleansers - you will need a range of cleansers for different skin types. These will remove make-up, dirt and secretions from the surface of the skin.
Eye make-up removers - this will sometimes be needed in addition to a cleanser to remove more stubborn make-up such as eyeliner and mascara.
Toners - you will need a range of toners for different skin types. These remove grease and any remaining cleanser. They will also freshen the skin and restore its acid balance.
Exfoliators - you will need a range of exfoliators for different skin types. These remove skin cells from the outer layer of the skin.
Moisturisers - you will need a range of moisturisers for different skin types. These rehydrate the upper layers of the skin.
Face masks - you will need a range of face masks for different skin types. These are specialised intensive skin treatment for a range of conditions.
Specialist skin products - these include serums, eye creams, lip balms and treatment creams.
Skin warming devices - these are used after deep cleansing to soften the pores and remove blockages. These include steamers and hot towels.
Waste bin - for any non-contaminated waste products.
Written aftercare advice - an aftercare advice leaflet should be given to the client after their first appointment and you should record on the record card that this has been discussed and the client has taken it away with them.

Storage

All products require a copy of Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) these can be obtained from your supplier. Store all products correctly following the guidance of the MSDS, carry out a risk assessment on each product or COSHH report if required. Keep all products in original containers where possible and ensure any decanted products are fully labelled in smaller, purpose-built containers. Keep all flammable products out of direct sunlight and at room temperature or below. Mobile therapists must make suitable travel arrangements to avoid spillage and ensure safe working practiceand be professional in appearance.

Insurance

There are several types of insurance that are potentially relevant to you as a therapist. The most important are the ‘professional indemnity insurance ‘and ‘public liability insurance’ both of these are required in the unlikely event that a client decided to sue you.

Self-Assessment

Do I have a good understanding of:

Hygiene, health and safety
Sterilisation
Professional ethics
Anatomy and physiology
How to carry out client consultation
Contra – indications
Contra actions
After care
Storage and insurance
Required items and supplies

Can I:

Set up my area
Complete a thorough consultation
Complete the treatment process

We hope you enjoyed your training If you have any questions, please contact your trainer Please leave a review on our Facebook page https://www.facebook.com/coutureacademytraining/

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